Missing Language/Country Pairs

This page contains a list of language/country pairs for which Ethnologue had no extractable data for number of speakers as of March 2011. In many cases, this was because the language in question was extinct, or there were no speakers in a given country. In other cases, the number of speakers was unknown, or no data was listed.

• Afghanistan: Azerbaijani, South — Afshari in small groups north of Kabul, Chandaul quarter of Kabul City, Herat City.
• Afghanistan: Domari — [no data]
• Afghanistan: Pashayi, Northwest — Kapisa and Laghman provinces, Gulbahar to Nuristan on Alingar River, Alisheng Valley, valleys north of Sarobi.
• Afghanistan: Pashto, Northern — Central Ghilzai area.
• Afghanistan: Wotapuri-Katarqalai — Extinct. 60 households in Katarqalai in 1935; 1 speaker found in 1955. Nuristan, south of Waigali area, Wotapuri and Katarqalai towns.
• Albania: Albanian — [no data]
• Algeria: Algerian Sign Language — [no data]
• Algeria: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Algeria: Korandje — Tabelbala oasis.
• Algeria: Tachelhit — South near Morocco border, Tabelbala area.
• Algeria: Tamazight, Central Atlas — West Atlas moutains area, adjacent valleys to Taza, Rabat area, south near Morocco border.
• Algeria: Tarifit — Along the coast, east Alteria to Arzeu.
• Angola: Kilari — Northwest corner.
• Angola: Kwadi — Extinct. Southwest corner, south of Namibe.
• Argentina: Abipon — Extinct.
• Argentina: Argentine Sign Language — [no data]
• Argentina: Chiripá — [no data]
• Armenia: Armenian Sign Language — [no data]
• Australia: Aghu Tharnggalu — Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura.
• Australia: Alngith — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula just north of Weipa.
• Australia: Arabana — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Southern Australia, west side Lake Eyre to Stuart Range, Maree, Port Augusta.
• Australia: Areba — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, southwest Cape York Peninsula, Bilbert River, northeast of Normanton.
• Australia: Atampaya — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, extreme north Cape York Peninsula, Eliot Creek.
• Australia: Australian Aborigines Sign Language — Southern Australia, central, and west desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some north coast islands, west side of Cape York Peninsula, islands of Torres Strait.
• Australia: Awabakal — Extinct. New South Wales, Lake Macquarie, south from Newcastle.
• Australia: Ayabadhu — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of Coleman River, south of Coen.
• Australia: Banggarla — Extinct. Southern Australia, Port Lincoln to Spencer Gulf head.
• Australia: Barrow Point — Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Barrow Point on Princess Charlotte Bay and inland.
• Australia: Bayali — Extinct. Queensland, Fitzroy River mouth inland to Boomer Range at Marlborough, Yeppon, Yamba, and Rockhampton.
• Australia: Biri — Extinct. Queensland southeast of Charters Towers.
• Australia: Dagoman — Extinct. Northern Territory.
• Australia: Dhurga — Extinct. New South Wales, Bermagui to Jervis Bay.
• Australia: Dieri — Extinct. Southern Australia, Leigh Creek.
• Australia: Dirari — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Southern Australia, east of Lake Eyre North.
• Australia: Djangun — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Mt. Mulligan south to Alma-den, east to Dimbula, west to Mungana.
• Australia: Djauan — Northern Territory, Bamyili settlement, Katherine.
• Australia: Djawi — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, islands from King Sound to Brunswick Bay.
• Australia: Djiwarli — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, northwest, north of Mount Augustus.
• Australia: Dyaberdyaber — Extinct. Western Australia, coast south of Beagle Bay and inland.
• Australia: Dyugun — Extinct. Western Australia, Broome coast area and inland.
• Australia: Erre — Extinct. Northern Territory, Red Lily area west of Oenpelli; around East Alligator River, Mt. Howship.
• Australia: Flinders Island — Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Flinders Island, Princess Charlotte Bay.
• Australia: Gambera — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, Admiralty Gulf, far north Kimberleys area.
• Australia: Ganggalida — Extinct. All Tangkic languages except Kayardild have no remaining speakers. Queensland near Bourketown.
• Australia: Gangulu — Extinct. Queensland around Isaac River, west of Marlborough.
• Australia: Garig-Ilgar — Extinct. Last speaker died in 2003. Northern Territory, Mainland of Cobourg Peninsula, Port Essington area.
• Australia: Gugadj — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, north coast, west of Karumba inland on Norman River.
• Australia: Gugu Badhun — Extinct. Queensland, west of Ingham and Abergowrie almost to Einasleigh.
• Australia: Gugu Warra — Extinct. Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, west bank of Normanby River.
• Australia: Gungabula — Extinct. Queensland, around Injune.
• Australia: Gunya — Extinct. Queensland, around Wyandra.
• Australia: Gureng Gureng — Extinct. Queensland, southeast, Abercorn area, north Burnett River District.
• Australia: Guwamu — Extinct. Queensland, between St. George, Moonie River, Surat, Maranoa River.
• Australia: Guyani — Extinct. South Australia, south Yorke Peninsula.
• Australia: Kalarko — Extinct. Western Australia, Fraser and Bremer ranges area.
• Australia: Kalkutung — Extinct. Queensland, Mt. Isa area.
• Australia: Kamu — Extinct. Northern Territory, south of Darwin, east of Daly River.
• Australia: Kariyarra — Extinct. Western Australia, south of Port Hedland.
• Australia: Kayardild — Ethnic population: 150 (2000 N. Evans). Queensland, Bentinck Island, Gulf of Carpentaria.
• Australia: Kuku-Mangk — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun.
• Australia: Kuku-Mu’inh — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun.
• Australia: Kuku-Ugbanh — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, west coast Cape York Peninsula below Aurukun.
• Australia: Kungarakany — Extinct. Northern Territory, Finniss River; south of Darwin, Darwin River and Rum Jungle area.
• Australia: Kunggari — Extinct. Queensland, Upper Nebine and Mungallala Creeks.
• Australia: Kuthant — Extinct. Queensland, southwest Cape York Peninsula, north of Karumba and Normanton.
• Australia: Lamu-Lamu — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Bamiga, and Coen.
• Australia: Laragia — Extinct. Northern Territory, Darwin area.
• Australia: Leningitij — Extinct. Queensland, Winduwinda area.
• Australia: Limilngan — Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between Mary River and W. Alligator River, coast and inland.
• Australia: Malgana — Extinct. Western Australia, Shark Bay, south of Wooramel River to near Hamelin Pool.
• Australia: Manangkari — Extinct. Northern Territory, Cobourg Peninsula.
• Australia: Mandandanyi — Extinct. Queensland, Roma area, Maranoa River to near Miles and Wandoan.
• Australia: Mangala — Extinct. Western Australia, southewest, Fitzroy, West Pilbara, Broome, Jurgurra Creek, Edgar Range.
• Australia: Mangerr — Extinct. Arnhem Land, Oenpelli area.
• Australia: Margany — Extinct. Queensland, between Quilpie and Wyandra, Bulloo River and Paroo River.
• Australia: Mayaguduna — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Ruhlen 1987 and Wurm 2003). Queensland, near north coast, inland between Leichhardt and Flinders rivers.
• Australia: Maykulan — Extinct. Queensland, Canobie.
• Australia: Mbabaram — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003).
• Australia: Mbara — Extinct.
• Australia: Mbariman-Gudhinma — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Princess Charlotte Bay southwest coast.
• Australia: Miwa — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, Drysdale River, far north Kimberleys area.
• Australia: Muluridyi — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Mitchell River headwaters to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville.
• Australia: Muruwari — Extinct. Queensland and New South Wales from Bollon, Dirranbandi, Weilmoringle, Bourke, almost to Cunnamulla.
• Australia: Narrinyeri — Extinct. South Australia.
• Australia: Ngalakan — Extinct. Northern Territory, Roper River area.
• Australia: Ngamini — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). South Australia, Narburton Creekarea.
• Australia: Ngandi — Extinct. Northern Territory, Upper Wilton River.
• Australia: Nganyaywana — Extinct. New South Wales, northeast, between Inverell, Ashford, and Glen Innes.
• Australia: Ngawun — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, southwest of Croydon, between Flinders River and Norman River.
• Australia: Ngura — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northwest New South Wales, southwest Queensland.
• Australia: Ngurmbur — Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between West and South Alligator rivers, northeast of Umbugarla.
• Australia: Nhanda — Western Australia, Shark Bay coast south to Kalbarri.
• Australia: Nimanbur — Extinct. Western Australia, southwest of King Sound, and inland.
• Australia: Nugunu — Extinct. South Australia, south of Gugada to coast west to Fowler’s Bay and east to Streaky Bay, east Spencer Gulf.
• Australia: Nungali — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northern Territory, Upper Daly River area.
• Australia: Nyangga — Extinct. Queensland, Gilbert River head, south of Forsayth to Gledswood, Gregory Range to Oak Park and Glenora; Northern Territory, coast east of Robinson River.
• Australia: Nyawaygi — Extinct. Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to Herbert River headwaters, to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls.
• Australia: Nyulnyul — Extinct. Western Australia, West Kimberley, coast around Beagle Bay.
• Australia: Pirlatapa — Extinct. South Australia, Lake Blanche area, Lake Callabonn.
• Australia: Pitcairn-Norfolk — [no data]
• Australia: Pitta Pitta — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Boulia.
• Australia: Thaypan — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, Coleman River.
• Australia: Thurawal — Extinct. New South Wales, Port Hacking to Shoalhaven River.
• Australia: Tjurruru — Extinct. Western Australia, northwest, Hardey River, southwest of Tom Price.
• Australia: Umbindhamu — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of Coen.
• Australia: Umbugarla — Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, southeast of Limilngan, between Mary River and South Alligator River.
• Australia: Umbuygamu — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Princess Charlotte Bay east coast.
• Australia: Uradhi — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula, North Alice Creek.
• Australia: Urningangg — Extinct. Arnhem Land, northwest; upper reaches of Alligator River.
• Australia: Wadjigu — Extinct. Queensland, southwest of Fairbairn Reservoir.
• Australia: Wagaya — Extinct. Northern Territory, Avon Downs, Camooweal, Austral Downs, area north of Lake Nash.
• Australia: Wakawaka — Extinct. Nanango north to Mt. Perry, west to Boyne River; Queensland, Kingaroy, Murgon, and Gayndah.
• Australia: Wamin — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, south central Cape York Peninsula, Einasleigh River, northwest of Einasleigh.
• Australia: Wandarang — Extinct. Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, Roper River area.
• Australia: Wanggamala — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northern Territory, Hay River, south of Andegerebinha.
• Australia: Wangganguru — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Northern Territory, southeast corner.
• Australia: Waray — Extinct. Northern Territory, Adelaide River area.
• Australia: Wariyangga — Extinct. Western Australia, southeast of Mount Augustus, West Pilbara.
• Australia: Warluwara — Extinct. Queensland, Roxborough Downs.
• Australia: Warrwa — Extinct. Western Australia, West Kimberley, Derby region.
• Australia: Warungu — Extinct. Queensland, northeast of Einasleigh.
• Australia: Wik-Epa — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun.
• Australia: Wik-Keyangan — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, southeast of Aurukun.
• Australia: Wilawila — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). Western Australia, central Kimberleys.
• Australia: Wiradhuri — Extinct. New South Wales, Murray River to Macquarie River, Lachlan River area from junction with Murrumbidgee River to Parkes.
• Australia: Worimi — Extinct. New South Wales, between Hunter and Hastings rivers, from Port Macquarie to Hawkesbury River.
• Australia: Wuliwuli — Extinct. Queensland, southwest, Dawson River, Baralaba, Banana, Theodore.
• Australia: Wurrugu — Extinct. Northern Territory, Cobourg Peninsula.
• Australia: Yalarnnga — Extinct. Queensland, Burke River area, Dajarra.
• Australia: Yandruwandha — Extinct. South Australia Moomba area, and east into Queensland.
• Australia: Yangman — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 50 (Black 1983). Northern Territory, Elsey Creek and Katherine.
• Australia: Yawarawarga — Extinct. South Australia and Queensland, north of Cooper Creek, southeast of Lake Yamma Yamma.
• Australia: Yindjilandji — Extinct. Northern Territory, northeast of Wonarah.
• Australia: Yugambal — Extinct. Queensland, Logan and Albert River basins from Jimboomba to MacPherson Range.
• Austria: Austrian Sign Language — [no data]
• Azerbaijan: Khalaj — Population total all countries: 42,100. Also in Iran.
• Bahamas: Taino — Extinct. Ethnic populations also in Florida and New Jersey, USA; Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Cuba.
• Bahrain: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Bangladesh: Chin, Falam — [no data]
• Bangladesh: Indian Sign Language — [no data]
• Bangladesh: Khasi — Very few speakers.
• Belarus: Rusyn — [no data]
• Belgium: French Belgian Sign Language — [no data]
• Belgium: Picard — Most of Hainaut Province, Tournai, Mons, Ath.
• Bhutan: Adap — South central, Wangdue Phodrang District, from Damphu to Shemgang, Ada village.
• Bolivia: Aymara — [no data]
• Bolivia: Canichana — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 583 (Adelaar 2000). Lowlands.
• Bolivia: Cayubaba — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 794 (Adelaar 2000). Beni Department, west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana.
• Bolivia: Itene — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 108 (Adelaar 2000). North central Beni Department at junction of Mamoré and Itenez rivers.
• Bolivia: Jorá — Extinct.
• Bolivia: Pauserna — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 46 (Adelaar 2000). Southeast Beni on Guapore River.
• Bolivia: Saraveca — Extinct. Eastern jungle.
• Bolivia: Shinabo — Extinct.
• Brazil: Acroá — Extinct. Bahia area.
• Brazil: Agavotaguerra — Extinct. Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, between Curisevo and Culuene rivers, near the Kuikúro.
• Brazil: Amanayé — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 192 (2001 ISA). Pará, São Domingos do Capim Municipality, on Capim River.
• Brazil: Apurinã — Ethnic population: 4,087 (2003 FUNASA). Amazonas, Acre; scattered over Purus River from Rio Branco to Manaus.
• Brazil: Arapaso — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 268 (1992 ALEM). São Gabriel, Iauarete, Amazonas.
• Brazil: Arikem — Extinct. Rôndonia state, Candeias and Jamari rivers, tributaries of the upper Madeira.
• Brazil: Arára, Mato Grosso — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 150 (1994 ISA). Mato Grosso.
• Brazil: Atorada — Few in Brazil (2000). Roraima.
• Brazil: Aurá — Extinct. Pará, Maranhão in Maranhão.
• Brazil: Brazilian Sign Language — São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, elsewhere.
• Brazil: Dutch — Paraná.
• Brazil: Gavião, Pará — Ethnic population: 338 Parakatêjê (ISA), 473 Pukobjê (2005 ISA). Pará state; new village called ‘Kaikoturé’, near Marabá; scattered in or near original locations in Maranhão.
• Brazil: Guana — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 250 (2005 ISA). Mato Grosso do Sul, near the Terêna.
• Brazil: Jurúna — Ethnic population: 278 (2001 ISA). North Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, near mouth of the Maritsauá-Mitau River. 2 villages.
• Brazil: Kaimbé — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,100 to 1,400 (1986 SIL). Bahía.
• Brazil: Kaingang — Ethnic population: 25,875. São Paulo north of Paranapena River, 3 reservations, Paraná between Paranapena and Iguaçu rivers, 9 reservations, Santa Catarina between Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers, 8 reservations, Rio Grande do Sul south of the Uruguay River; Southeast dialect. 5 reservations east of Passo Fundo River; Southwest Dialect, 7 reservations; also east of Passo Fundo River; outskirts of important cities in Rio Grande do Sul. 32 reservations plus scattered locations.
• Brazil: Kaingáng, São Paulo — Extinct. São Paulo.
• Brazil: Kamakan — Extinct. Bahia area.
• Brazil: Kamba — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1986 SIL). Mato Grosso do Sul, near Corumbá.
• Brazil: Kambiwá — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,108 (1995 SIL). Pernambuco.
• Brazil: Kanoé — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 150 (2000 C. Jensen). Rondônia, Guaporé River.
• Brazil: Kapinawá — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 354 (1995 AMTB). Pernambuco.
• Brazil: Karipúna — Extinct. Amapá, on French Guiana border.
• Brazil: Karirí-Xocó — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,062 (1995 SIL). Alagoas.
• Brazil: Katukína, Panoan — Ethnic population: 315 (1998 ISA). Amazonas, Acre.
• Brazil: Kaxuiâna — Extinct. 1986 SIL population figure of 434 included 300 Warikyana, 134 Kaxuiâna. Northwest Para, Imabu River near perimetral norte, on Trombetes River near junction with Mapuwera. Most with the Trió .
• Brazil: Kepkiriwát — Extinct. Rôndonia, formerly on Pimenta Bueno River.
• Brazil: Maritsauá — Extinct. Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, Manitsaua-Missu, a tributary of the Upper Xingú.
• Brazil: Matipuhy — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 119. Mato Grosso, Xingú Park.
• Brazil: Miriti — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 55 (1995 AMTB). Pari-Cachoeira, Taracua, Amazonas.
• Brazil: Nukuini — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 425 (1999 ISA). Acre, northwest, Juruá, from the upper Mõa to the Rio Sungarú.
• Brazil: Oti — Extinct. São Paulo.
• Brazil: Otuke — Extinct. Mato Grosso lowlands into eastern Bolivia.
• Brazil: Pankararé — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1500. Bahía.
• Brazil: Pankararú — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 5880. Pernambuco, Alagoas.
• Brazil: Paranawát — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 50 to 100 (1986 SIL). Rondônia, tributaries of the Jiparaná (Machado) River and Sono River.
• Brazil: Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 2,950 (1995 AMTB). Minas Gerais, Bahía, Pôsto Paraguassu in Itabuna municipality.
• Brazil: Paumarí — Ethnic population: 870. Amazonas, Purus River. 3 villages.
• Brazil: Potiguára — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 10,837. Paraíba, Pôsto Nísia Brasileira on the Baía da Traição, Mamanguape Municipality.
• Brazil: Puri — Extinct. Espíritu Santo, Minas Gerais and nearby.
• Brazil: Tapeba — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 2491. Ceará River, Caucaia, Ceará.
• Brazil: Tawandê — Rondonia, Pyrineus de Souza village, near Vilhena town.
• Brazil: Tingui-Boto — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 350. Alagoas.
• Brazil: Torá — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 51. Amazonas, lower Rio Marmelos, tributary of Rio Madeira.
• Brazil: Tremembé — Extinct. Almofa, la Ceará.
• Brazil: Truká — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1333. Pernambuco, Bahía.
• Brazil: Tukumanféd — Extinct. Rondônia, mouth of Cacoal tributary of the Jiparaná.
• Brazil: Tupinambá — Extinct. Along coast from Rio de Janeiro north to Amazon River.
• Brazil: Tupinikin — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1386. Espirito Santo, Bahia.
• Brazil: Tupí — Extinct. Along coast around what is now São Paulo.
• Brazil: Turiwára — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 30 (1995 SIL). Pará, with the Tembé on Acará-miri River.
• Brazil: Tuxináwa — Extinct. Acre.
• Brazil: Tuxá — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1630. Bahía, Pernambuco.
• Brazil: Uamué — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 2473. Pernambuco, vicinity of Floresta.
• Brazil: Umotína — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 124. Mato Grosso, along Paraguay River.
• Brazil: Urumi — Extinct. Rondônia, Marmelos River, tributary of the middle Madeira.
• Brazil: Wakoná — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 500 to 1,000 (1995 SIL). Alagoas.
• Brazil: Wasu — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,447. Alagoas.
• Brazil: Wiraféd — Extinct. Rondônia, on Riosinho and Muquí tributaries of the Jiparaná.
• Brazil: Xakriabá — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 4,643 (1995 AMTB). Minas Gerais.
• Brazil: Xipináwa — Extinct. Southern Amazonas and Acre.
• Brazil: Xiriâna — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 903 (2000 WCD). Amazonas, Demeni and Rio Negro tributaries, near Venezuela border.
• Brazil: Xukurú — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 6,363. Pernambuco, Serra de Urubá (Arobá) near Cimbres City, Bahía.
• Brazil: Yabaâna — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 90 (1986 SIL). Amazonas, headwaters of the Marauia and Cauaboris, tributaries of the left bank of Rio Negro.
• Brazil: Yalakalore — Extinct.
• Brunei Darussalam: Malay, Standard — [no data]
• Bulgaria: Bulgarian Sign Language — [no data]
• Bulgaria: Russian Sign Language — [no data]
• Burkina Faso: Dogon, Jamsay — North border with Mali.
• Burkina Faso: Dogon, Tomo Kan — [no data]
• Burkina Faso: French — [no data]
• Burkina Faso: Kantosi — [no data]
• Burkina Faso: N’ko — [no data]
• Cambodia: English — [no data]
• Cambodia: French — [no data]
• Cameroon: Bekwil — East Province, Boumba-and-Ngoko Division, along Ngoko River north side, Moloundou area.
• Cameroon: Duli — Extinct. North Province, Benoue Division, near Pitoa.
• Cameroon: English — Mainly South West and North West provinces.
• Cameroon: French — Used mainly in the Littoral, West, Center, South, East, Adamawa, North, and Far North provinces.
• Cameroon: Fulfulde, Kano-Katsina-Bororro — North.
• Cameroon: Gey — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,900 (1982 SIL). North Province, Benoue Division, east of Pitoa.
• Cameroon: Kamkam — Adamawa Province, Mayo-Banyo Division, Mambila Plateau.
• Cameroon: Leti — Center Province, Lekie Division, north Sa’a Subdivision, Sanaga River bend.
• Cameroon: Nagumi — Extinct. North Province, Benoue Division, Garoua Subdivision between Benoue and Faro rivers and Poli Mountains.
• Cameroon: Ngambay — North Province, along the route to Garoua, Mayo-Rey Division, Rey-Bouba Subdivision, near the Chad border east of Tchollire; Benoue Division, in Garoua.
• Cameroon: Nimbari — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 130. North Province, Benoue Division, Basheo Subdivision, Gorimbari village; Mayo-Louti Division, Guider Subdivision, Padjara-Djabi and Badjire villages.
• Cameroon: Oblo — Benoue Division, Pitoa Subdivision, Gobtikéré, Ouro Bé, and Ouro Badjouma areas.
• Cameroon: Pidgin, Cameroon — Primarily South West and North West provinces; widespread elsewhere.
• Cameroon: Samba Leko — North Province, Faro Division, between Tchamba and Mayo-Louti River, west of Poli; south Beka Subdivision along Nigeria border.
• Cameroon: Tiv — Few in Cameroon. South West Province, Manyu Division, northeast of Akwaya on Nigeria border, Njobo (Njawbaw) village.
• Cameroon: To — North Province, Mayo-Rey Division, Touboro Subdivision. Also in Central African Republic.
• Cameroon: Yeni — Extinct. Nyalang area north of Mayo Darle village.
• Cameroon: Zhoa — North-West Province, Menchum Division, Fungom Subdivision. 1 village.
• Canada: American Sign Language — English-speaking areas of Canada.
• Canada: Cree — [no data]
• Canada: Haida — [no data]
• Canada: Inuktitut — [no data]
• Canada: Inuktitut, North Alaskan — All Inuktitut varieties 32,775. Mackenzie delta region including Aklavik and Inuvik, into Alaska, USA.
• Canada: Maritime Sign Language — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.
• Canada: Ojibwa — [no data]
• Canada: Quebec Sign Language — Quebec; Ontario, nothern Ontario, Ottawa; New Brunswick, Bathurst; British Columbia, Vancouver; Alberta, Edmonton.
• Canada: Slave — [no data]
• Central African Republic: Gbaya — [no data]
• Central African Republic: Gubu — [no data]
• Central African Republic: Kaba Démé, Sara — [no data]
• Central African Republic: Kaba Náà, Sara — Mbanga villages.
• Central African Republic: Limassa — Few in Ngundi villages. Along Democratic Republic of the Congo border.
• Central African Republic: To — [no data]
• Chad: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Chad: Fulfulde, Kano-Katsina-Bororro — Ouest region, Pala and Léré area; Chari-Baguirmi region, Baguirmi Department, Massenya Subprefecture; Hadjer Lamis region, Dagana Department, Massakory Subprefecture; Kanem region, Kanem Department, Rig-Rig Subprefecture. Nomadic Bororro travel along the banks of Chari River and elsewhere.
• Chad: Horo — Extinct. Béhor north of Sarh on the Chari River.
• Chad: Lagwan — Chari-Baguirmi region, and N’Djaména, south of N’Djaména along the Logone River, in the vicinity of Logone-Gana.
• Chad: Malgbe — West, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, N’Djamena Subprefecture, north of N’Djamena along the Chari River. Douguia, Malalie, and Oulio (Walia) villages, and others.
• Chad: Maslam — Town of N’Djamena, Hadjer Lamis region, Haraze-Al-Biar Department, Mani Subprefecture. North of N’Djamena, along Chari River; Maltam in Miskini and Blabli villages; Sao in Farcha-Milezi and Ngara-Mandju (or ‘Gourmadjo’) villages.
• Chad: Masmaje — Ethnic population: 25,727 (1993 census). Batha region, Batha Est Department, Oum Hadjer Subprefecture, southwest of Oum Hadjer, north of the Mubi.
• Chad: Mpade — Town of N’Djaména and Hadjer Lamis region, Haraze-Al-Biar Department, Mani Subprefecture, south of Lake Chad, Mani area on the Logone River, north of N’Djaména.
• Chad: Mser — Town of N’Djaména, Cameroon border near N’Djaména.
• Chad: Muskum — Extinct. Mayo-Kebbi Est region, Mayo-Boneye Department, Bongor Subprefecture or Mayo Lemie Department. Along Logone River, west of Guélengdeng, village of Muskum (Mouskoun), 10 kms. north of Katoa.
• Chad: Sango — South.
• Chile: Chilean Sign Language — [no data]
• Chile: Kakauhua — Extinct.
• Chile: Kunza — No known speakers. A few were located in 1949 and since by anthropologists. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Peine, Socaire (Salar de Atacama), and Caspana.
• China: Chinese — [no data]
• China: Chinese Sign Language — Ethnic population: 20,040,000 deaf persons in China (2006 CDRF). Also in Malaysia (Peninsular), Taiwan.
• China: Hmong — [no data]
• China: Jurchen — Extinct.
• China: Phola, Alo — Yunnan Province, Yuanjiang County, Tuguozhai village.
• China: Qabiao — Few elderly speakers. Ethnic population: 400. Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Malipo County, Tiechang, Matong, Punong, Pucha, and Pufeng towns.
• China: Shan — 1 village.
• China: Takpa — Tibetan Autonomous Region on the India border.
• China: Tanglang — Northwest Yunnan Province, south Lijiang County, Tai’an District, Hongmai Community. Locals call this area “Tanglangba” or Tanglang Basin.
• China: Zhuang — [no data]
• Colombia: Andaqui — Extinct. Southern highlands.
• Colombia: Anserma — Extinct.
• Colombia: Arma — Extinct.
• Colombia: Barbacoas — Extinct. Near Barbacoas coastal town, Nariño.
• Colombia: Cagua — Extinct.
• Colombia: Caramanta — Extinct. Antioquía region, Municipio de Jardín, near cities of Andes, Christiania.
• Colombia: Cauca — Extinct.
• Colombia: Chipiajes — Extinct.
• Colombia: Cocama-Cocamilla — Ethnic population: 793 in Colombia. Lower Putumayo.
• Colombia: Coxima — Extinct.
• Colombia: Coyaima — Extinct. Tolima region.
• Colombia: Cumeral — Extinct.
• Colombia: Macaguaje — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 450 (2005 Ascatidar). Lower Putumayo, tributaries of Caquetá River.
• Colombia: Natagaimas — Extinct. Tolima region.
• Colombia: Omejes — Extinct.
• Colombia: Pijao — Extinct. Tolima region.
• Colombia: Ponares — Extinct.
• Colombia: Quichua, Napo Lowland — Undetermined number in Colombia. Putumayo River.
• Colombia: Runa — Extinct.
• Colombia: Tama — Extinct. Caquetá region, Vicente, Orteguaza River.
• Colombia: Tomedes — Extinct.
• Colombia: Yahuna — No known speakers. Ethnic population: Fewer than 23 in ethnic group, fewer than 20 on Umana River, 3 on Apaporis River (1988). Piraparana River, Umuqa River, a tributary.
• Comoros: Arabic, Standard — Widespread.
• Congo: Bangandu — Sangha region, along Cameroon border.
• Congo: Mpyemo — Sangha region, along Cameroon border.
• Congo: Wumbvu — Niari region, north to Gabon border.
• Costa Rica: Costa Rican Sign Language — [no data]
• Cote d’Ivoire: Grebo, Southern — [no data]
• Cote d’Ivoire: N’ko — [no data]
• Cote d’Ivoire: Tonjon — Extinct. Dabakala Department, among the Djimini Senoufo .
• Croatia: Croatia Sign Language — [no data]
• Cuba: Cuba Sign Language — [no data]
• Cuba: Lucumi — [no data]
• Czech Republic: Czech Sign Language — [no data]
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Aushi — Haut Katanga Province east of Lubumbashi.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Bangala — Few L1 speakers. Orientale Province.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Boguru — Orientale Province, west of Garamba National Park, Dungu.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Borna — [no data]
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: French — [no data]
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kongo — [no data]
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Konzo — West slope Ruwenzori Mountains.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Lala-Bisa — Katanga Province extreme southeast corner.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Lamba — Katanga Province southeast corner.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Lunda — South and southwest Katanga Province, Lualaba District; extreme south Bandundu Province, Kahemba Territory.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Ngbee — Extinct. Orientale Province, scattered in Rungu, Niangara, Wamba, and Watsa territories.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Nzakara — Orientale Province, northwest Bondo Territory, on Central African Republic border.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Sango — Few in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Extreme north border of Equateur Province (Oubangui River).
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Songa — South Kivu Province.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo: Yulu — Binga are in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan; Yulu in Sudan and Central African Republic.
• Denmark: Jutish — German-Danish border area, south Jutland. Also in Germany.
• Denmark: Swedish — Bornholm Island.
• Denmark: Traveller Danish — Extinct.
• Djibouti: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Dominican Republic: Dominican Sign Language — [no data]
• East Timor: Pidgin, Timor — Extinct. Timor Island, around Bidau, Dili, and Lifan.
• East Timor: Portuguese — [no data]
• Ecuador: Tetete — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 3 (1969 SIL). Near the Colombia border, eastern jungle in Cofán area.
• Egypt: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Egypt: Coptic — Extinct.
• Egypt: Egypt Sign Language — [no data]
• El Salvador: Cacaopera — Extinct. Department of Morazán.
• El Salvador: Lenca — Ethnic population: 36,858 in El Salvador (1987). Town of Chilango.
• El Salvador: Salvadoran Sign Language — [no data]
• Equatorial Guinea: French — Mostly cities.
• Eritrea: Afar — Southern parts.
• Eritrea: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Eritrea: English — [no data]
• Eritrea: Geez — Extinct.
• Eritrea: Italian — A few monolinguals.
• Ethiopia: Gafat — Extinct. South Blue Nile area.
• Ethiopia: Geez — Extinct. Also in Eritrea.
• Ethiopia: Kwegu — Ethnic population: 450 (2007). Southwest, Omo River west bank, Kuchur village.
• Ethiopia: Mesmes — Extinct. Gurage, Hadiyya, Kambatta regions.
• Ethiopia: Oromo — [no data]
• Ethiopia: Rer Bare — Extinct. East Ogaden, Gode area, Wabi Shebelle River near Somali border; along Ganale and Dawa rivers.
• Ethiopia: Weyto — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,631 of whom 1,519 (93%) speak Amharic as L1, others speak other L1s. Lake Tana region.
• Ethiopia: Wolane — Gurage zone.
• France: Greek — Cargese, Corsica.
• France: Ligurian — Bonifacio, Corsica, and between Italy and Monaco borders.
• France: Lyons Sign Language — [no data]
• France: Picard — Region de Picardie: Amiens, Abbeville, Beauvais, St. Quentin; region Nord-Pas-de-Calais: Lille, Douai, Cambrai, Arras, Valenciennes, Boulogne sur Mer, Calais (except Dunkerque District); east zone, region de Haute Normandie near Dieppe, Picardie border. Also in Belgium.
• France: Shuadit — Extinct. South, Vaucluse Department, Avignon City.
• France: Spanish — [no data]
• France: Zarphatic — Extinct.
• French Guiana: French — [no data]
• French Guiana: Javanese, Caribbean — Coastal area.
• Gabon: Yasa — [no data]
• Gambia: N’ko — [no data]
• Germany: Frankish — Extinct.
• Germany: German, Swiss — Southwest, south Baden-Wuerttemberg.
• Germany: Limburgish — German-administered Limburg: Cleves, Aachen, Viersen, Heinsberg.
• Germany: Luxembourgeois — Few in Germany. West, Bitburg area.
• Germany: Pfaelzisch — Southwest Palatinate, Rheinpfalz.
• Germany: Westphalien — Northwest, Westphalia.
• Ghana: English — [no data]
• Ghana: Ghanaian Sign Language — [no data]
• Ghana: Hausa — [no data]
• Ghana: Kabiyé — North.
• Ghana: Lama — Several hundred or perhaps thousands in Ghana (1996). 100 km south of Bassar, to Yendi, as far as Tamale, and southeast of Tamale.
• Ghana: Nawdm — Accra, Ho, Kpandu, and Volta region.
• Gibraltar: Spanish — [no data]
• Greece: Cappadocian Greek — Extinct.
• Greece: Greek, Ancient — Extinct.
• Guatemala: Chicomuceltec — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 100 in Guatemala (1982 GR).
• Guatemala: Guatemalan Sign Language — [no data]
• Guatemala: Xinca — Extinct. Southeastern.
• Guinea-Bissau: N’ko — [no data]
• Guinea: Baga Kaloum — Extinct.
• Guinea: Baga Koga — Ethnic population: 5,000. Coast between Pongo and Konkouré rivers, extending to Île de Kito.
• Guinea: Baga Mboteni — Ethnic population: 4,893. South of Nunez River.
• Guinea: Baga Sobané — Extinct. Between Kapatchez and Pongo rivers.
• Guinea: Bullom So — Few in Guinea (2001). Along the coast to Sierra Leone border.
• Guinea: French — [no data]
• Guinea: Guinean Sign Language — Conakry.
• Guinea: Mandingo — [no data]
• Guinea: N’ko — Also in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone.
• Guyana: Atorada — Few in Guyana. Southwest Guyana, near the Wapishana. Also in Brazil.
• Guyana: English — [no data]
• Guyana: Hindustani, Caribbean — Ethnic population: 538,500 in Guyana.
• Guyana: Mapidian — Southwest Guyana, with the Waiwai.
• Guyana: Skepi Creole Dutch — Extinct. Essequibo region.
• Guyana: Warao — Few in Guyana (Forte 1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 in Guyana (2000 J. Forte). Northwestern, at Oreala, Guyana near coast, mixed with Arawak and Carib speakers.
• Haiti: Haitian Vodoun Culture Language — [no data]
• Honduras: Honduras Sign Language — [no data]
• Honduras: Lenca — Only a few in Honduras (Rivas 1993). Ethnic population: 100,000. La Paz, Intibucá, Lempira, Comayagua, Santa Bárbara, Valle and Francisco Morozan departments. Also in El Salvador.
• Hungary: Romani, Balkan — In Hungary, 150,000 Gypsies speak a variety of Romani as L1 (Réger 1995). Ethnic population: 190,000.
• Iceland: Icelandic Sign Language — [no data]
• India: Aariya — Madhya Pradesh, Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, Tikamgarh districts.
• India: Ahom — Extinct. Assam.
• India: Aka-Bea — Extinct. Andaman Islands, South Andaman Island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors; Rutland Island except south coast; small islands southeast of Rutland; Labyrinth Islands.
• India: Aka-Bo — Extinct. Andaman Islands, east central coast of North Andaman Island, North Reef Island.
• India: Aka-Cari — Extinct. Andaman Islands, north coast of North Andaman Island, Landfall Island, other nearby small islands.
• India: Aka-Jeru — Extinct. Andaman Islands, interior and south North Andaman Island, Sound Island.
• India: Aka-Kede — Extinct. Andaman Islands, central and north central Middle Andaman Island.
• India: Aka-Kol — Extinct. Andaman Islands, southeast Middle Andaman Island.
• India: Aka-Kora — Extinct. Andaman Islands, northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, Smith Island.
• India: Akar-Bale — Extinct. Andaman Islands, Ritchie’s Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island.
• India: Chin, Khumi — Assam.
• India: Dogri — [no data]
• India: Gondi — [no data]
• India: Khaling — Ethnic population: 294,000 Katkari . Darjeeling and Sikkim area, scattered.
• India: Konkani — [no data]
• India: Koraga, Mudu — Kerala.
• India: Kulung — Sikkim; West Bengal, Jalpaiguri District; Uttarakhand, Dehradun; Assam.
• India: Malaryan — Extinct. Kerala, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kottayam, and Trichur districts; Tamil Nadu.
• India: Malavedan — Total population unknown. 6,186 in Kerala, 6,411 in Tamil Nadu (2001 census). Kerala, Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Kollam, Trivandrum districts; Tamil Nadu, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Dindigul, Nilgiris, Salem, and Tirunelveli districts.
• India: Manna-Dora — Population unknown. Ethnic population: 30,000. Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram districts; Tamil Nadu.
• India: Marwari — [no data]
• India: Nagarchal — Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat, Chhindwara, Mandla, Seoni districts; Chhattisgarh, Durg District; Maharashtra, Bhandara District; Rajasthan.
• India: Nefamese — Population unknown. May be replaced by Hindi. Arunachal Pradesh.
• India: Oko-Juwoi — Extinct. Andaman Islands, west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman Island.
• India: Pali — Extinct. Also in Myanmar.
• India: Rajasthani — [no data]
• India: Rangkas — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,014 in India, 1,421 all countries (2000). Uttarakhand, Pithoragarh District, Johar Valley, Darchula and Munsyari tahsils, facing Nepal border along Mahakali Valley.
• India: Ruga — Meghalaya, near the Garo.
• India: Samvedi — Maharashtra.
• India: Shendu — Mizoram.
• India: Tharu, Chitwania — [no data]
• India: Tharu, Kathoriya — [no data]
• India: Tharu, Kochila — [no data]
• India: Turung — Extinct. Assam, Golaghat District, Titabar; Karbi Anglong.
• India: Ullatan — Ethnic population: 16,741 (2001 census). Kerala, Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Idukki, Koliam, Pathanamthitta, Alleppey, Trivandrum districts.
• India: Urali — Kerala, Idukki District, Upputhara, Kanchiyar, Vannappuram, Velliyamattom, Ayyappankovil panchayats.
• Indonesia: Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong — West Kalimantan Province, Sarawak border, Sanggau and Sintang regencies.
• Indonesia: Hukumina — Extinct. Northwest Buru Island, Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts.
• Indonesia: Iha Based Pidgin — Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north.
• Indonesia: Ile Ape — North Lembata (Lomblen Island), including Ile Ape volcanic peninsula and nearby mainland Lembata. North Ile Ape on the peninsula; South Ile Ape on the mainland.
• Indonesia: Indonesian Sign Language — Ethnic population: 2,000,000 deaf people (1993).
• Indonesia: Javindo — Extinct. Central Java.
• Indonesia: Lamalera — South coastal Lembata (Lomblen) Island. About 4 villages.
• Indonesia: Lamatuka — Central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lewo Eleng. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations.
• Indonesia: Lembata, South — South Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamalera and Lamatuka.
• Indonesia: Lembata, West — West end of Lembata (Lomblen) Island, west of Levuka. Both mountain and coastal villages around the base of a volcano.
• Indonesia: Levuka — West central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lamalera.
• Indonesia: Lewo Eleng — East central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamatuka and Kedang. Several villages. North coast villages are the result of recent government-induced migrations.
• Indonesia: Moksela — Extinct. Central Maluku, possibly east Buru Island, near Kayeli.
• Indonesia: Onin Based Pidgin — Onin Peninsula.
• Indonesia: Palumata — Extinct. Central Maluku, northwest Buru Island.
• Indonesia: Petjo — Java, Djakarta (Batavia).
• Indonesia: Portuguese — Flores Island, Sikka area.
• Indonesia: Retta — South Pura Island Kalabahi Bay mouth; south Ternate Island.
• Indonesia: Ternateño — Extinct. North Maluku, Ternate Island, west of Halmahera Island.
• Iran: Alviri-Vidari — Near Saveh, Markazi Province.
• Iran: Avestan — Extinct.
• Iran: Azerbaijani — [no data]
• Iran: Dezfuli — Dezful, north Khuzestan Province.
• Iran: Dzhidi — [no data]
• Iran: Eshtehardi — Markazi Province, Karaj District, Eshtehard area.
• Iran: Gozarkhani — Gozarkhan (northwest of Qazvin); Tajrish, north of Tehran; Alamut area.
• Iran: Jadgali — [no data]
• Iran: Kabatei — Rudbar District, Gilan Province.
• Iran: Kajali — East Azerbaijan Province, Kaqazkonan District, Kajal.
• Iran: Kho’ini — Zanjan Province, Kho’in District.
• Iran: Koresh-e Rostam — East Azerbaijan Province, Koresh-e Rostam District.
• Iran: Mandaic, Classical — Extinct. Also used liturgically in Iraq (Basrah) and small communities in the USA (New York) and Australia (300 Mandaeans in Sydney in 1995).
• Iran: Maraghei — Upper Rudbar area (Rudbar-e Alamut).
• Iran: Persian — [no data]
• Iran: Persian Sign Language — [no data]
• Iran: Razajerdi — Qazvin and Kuhpayeh area, Razajerd.
• Iran: Romani, Balkan — [no data]
• Iran: Rudbari — Sefid Rud Valley.
• Iran: Salchuq — [no data]
• Iran: Shahmirzadi — Shahmirzad, Semnan Province.
• Iran: Shahrudi — East Azerbaijan Province, Khalkhal District, Shahrud District, Shal, Kolur, Lerd.
• Iran: Taromi, Upper — Zanjan Province, upper Tarom, Hazarrud, Siavarud.
• Iraq: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Iraq: Jewish Babylonian Aramaic — Extinct.
• Iraq: Kurdish — [no data]
• Iraq: Kurdish, Southern — South of Xanaqin, Kirind, and Qorwaq.
• Iraq: Sarli — Fewer than 20,000. Kirkuk Province, north of Mosul; many displaced.
• Iraq: Syriac — [no data]
• Ireland: Irish Sign Language — Dublin and elsewhere.
• Israel: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Israel: Hebrew, Ancient — Extinct.
• Israel: Judeo-Arabic — [no data]
• Israel: Yiddish — [no data]
• Israel: Yiddish Sign Language — [no data]
• Italy: Italian Sign Language — [no data]
• Italy: Sardinian — [no data]
• Jamaica: English — [no data]
• Jamaica: Jamaican Country Sign Language — Approximately 2,500 Deaf children in Jamaica (2004 M. Kimball).
• Japan: Kikai — Ethnic population: 13,066 (2000). Northeast Okinawa; Kikai Island.
• Japan: Miyako — Ethnic population: 67,653 (2000). Southern Okinawa; Miyako, Ogami, Ikema, Kurima, Irabu, Tarama, Minna islands.
• Japan: Yaeyama — Ethnic population: 47,636 (2000 WCD). Southern Okinawa; Ishigaki, Iriomote, Hatoma, Kohama, Taketomi, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Aregusuku islands.
• Jordan: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Jordan: Jordanian Sign Language — [no data]
• Kazakhstan: Dungan — [no data]
• Kazakhstan: Ili Turki — [no data]
• Kazakhstan: Romani, Sinte — Kazakhstan (formerly Volga area until 1941).
• Kenya: Kalenjin — [no data]
• Kenya: Lukabaras — Western Province, Lugari and Kakamega districts.
• Kenya: Lutachoni — Western Province, Lugari and Bungoma districts.
• Kenya: Nandi — Rift Valley Province, Uasin Gishu District, Nandi District.
• Kenya: Olukhayo — Western Province, Busia District.
• Kenya: Oluluyia — [no data]
• Kenya: Olumarachi — Western Province, Busia District.
• Kenya: Olumarama — Western Province, Butere-Mumias District.
• Kenya: Olusamia — [no data]
• Kenya: Olushisa — Western Province, Butere-Mumias District.
• Kenya: Olutsotso — Western Province, Kakamega District.
• Kenya: Oluwanga — Western Province, Butere-Mumias District.
• Korea, Republic of: Korean Sign Language — [no data]
• Kuwait: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Laos: Chepya — Northwest Phongsaly Province.
• Laos: Laos Sign Language — [no data]
• Laos: Nung — A few in Laos.
• Laos: Pu Ko — 2 villages.
• Laos: Samtao — [no data]
• Latvia: Latvian Sign Language — [no data]
• Lebanon: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Lesotho: English — [no data]
• Liberia: Grebo — [no data]
• Liberia: Kpelle — [no data]
• Liberia: Liberian English — [no data]
• Liberia: N’ko — [no data]
• Libya: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Libya: Libyan Sign Language — [no data]
• Liechtenstein: German, Standard — [no data]
• Lithuania: Lithuanian Sign Language — [no data]
• Lithuania: Romani, Baltic — [no data]
• Macedonia: Adyghe — A few villages in Macedonia.
• Madagascar: English — [no data]
• Madagascar: Malagasy — [no data]
• Malawi: Afrikaans — [no data]
• Malawi: Kachchi — [no data]
• Malaysia: Belait — [no data]
• Malaysia: Bugis — [no data]
• Malaysia: Chinese, Mandarin — Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak.
• Malaysia: Iranun — Lahad Datu and Kota Belud districts, 17 villages; also reportedly in Kudat and Marudu.
• Malaysia: Jakun — Ethnic population: 27,448. East coast and inland, Pairang River, Pekan to Sri Gading, east to Benut, northwest to middle Muat River area.
• Malaysia: Kensiu — Population total all countries: 300. Ethnic population: 232 (2003). Northeast Kedah, near Thai border. Overlaps into south Yala Province, Thailand. Also in Thailand.
• Malaysia: Lelak — Extinct. Long Teru and Sungai Bunen (at Loagan Bunut Lake) on Tinjar River.
• Malaysia: Malaccan Creole Malay — Ethnic population: 300. Malacca Straits.
• Malaysia: Malay — [no data]
• Malaysia: Malay — [no data]
• Malaysia: Malay — [no data]
• Malaysia: Malay — [no data]
• Malaysia: Malay, Baba — Ethnic population: 5,000. Peninsular Malaysia, Melaka Tengah, Malacca Straits.
• Malaysia: Malay, Sabah — [no data]
• Malaysia: Malay, Standard — Some L1 speakers, but pervasive diglossia with local Malay varieties makes it difficult to estimate L1 population. Widespread Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. Also in Brunei, Singapore.
• Malaysia: Negeri Sembilan Malay — Ethnic population: 507,500 (2004). Southeast of Kuala Lumpur, Ulu Muar District.
• Malaysia: Orang Kanaq — Ethnic population: 83 (2003 census). Southeast and northeast of Mawai.
• Malaysia: Orang Seletar — Population total all countries: 880. Ethnic population: 1,407 (2003 census). Southeast coast around Kukuo, Jahore Bahru, east and north, and the north coast of Singapore. Also in Singapore.
• Malaysia: Sabüm — North central Perak.
• Malaysia: Semaq Beri — Ethnic population: 3,545 (2003 COAC). Pahang, Trengganu, Kelantan.
• Malaysia: Semelai — Ethnic population: 6,418 (2003 COAC). Between Segamat (Johore) and Pahang rivers.
• Malaysia: Seru — Extinct. Kabong, 2nd Division.
• Malaysia: Tamil — Ethnic population: 1,396,480 (2000).
• Malaysia: Temiar — Ethnic population: 25,725 (2003 COAC). Perak and Kelantan; Pahang.
• Malaysia: Temoq — Southeast Pahang, Jeram River.
• Malaysia: Temuan — Ethnic population: 22,162 (2003 COAC). Southern extension of the main range, south half of the peninsula, Selangor, Pahang, Johore, Negri Sembilan, Kuala Langat, scattered settlements.
• Malaysia: Tonga — Northwest tip north of Kaki.
• Malaysia: Wolio — [no data]
• Mali: Bamako Sign Language — Bamako school for deaf children, separated into 3 grade classes. Not known if it is widely used elsewhere or not.
• Mali: N’ko — [no data]
• Mali: Sàmòmá — Lògrèmmá dialect spoken in at least 6 villages in Mali: Dian, Sougou, Zon, Ponghon, Gako, and Soyma.
• Mali: Tamashek — [no data]
• Mali: Zarmaci — South of Menaka at Niger border, Tabankort and Akabar villages.
• Malta: Maltese Sign Language — [no data]
• Marshall Islands: English — [no data]
• Mexico: Chicomuceltec — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,500 in Mexico. Chiapas, Mazapa de Madero, Amatenango, and Chicomuselo towns. Also in Guatemala.
• Mexico: Cochimi — Extinct. Baja California Norte, north of Loreto to the northern part of the peninsula.
• Mexico: Matlatzinca, San Francisco — Ethnic population: 1,167 (2000 WCD). State of Mexico. San Francisco de los Ranchos.
• Mexico: Mixtec, Tlazoyaltepec — West central Oaxaca, Santiago Tlazoyaltepec municipality.
• Mexico: Nahuatl, Classical — Extinct. Central Mexico, Tenochtitlán, Aztec Empire.
• Mexico: Nahuatl, Tabasco — Extinct. Tabasco, Cupilco and Tecominoacan.
• Mexico: Pame, Southern — Extinct. Jiliapan.
• Mexico: Tarahumara, Southeastern — Chihuahua, Chinatú.
• Mexico: Tepecano — Extinct. Northwest Jalisco near Bolaños.
• Mexico: Tubar — Extinct. Chihuahua, where Río San Ignacio (Verde) and Río Urique meet in southwest near Sinaloa and Sonora borders.
• Mexico: Zapotec — [no data]
• Moldova: Moldova Sign Language — [no data]
• Mongolia: Daur — [no data]
• Mongolia: Mongolian — [no data]
• Mongolia: Mongolian Sign Language — Unknown number of users out of 10,000 to 147,330 deaf (1998).
• Mongolia: Mongolian, Peripheral — [no data]
• Montenegro: Slovak — [no data]
• Morocco: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Morocco: Ghomara — Extinct. North and west of Tamazight, a small region near Chechaouen, west Rif mountains, Oued Laou Valley.
• Morocco: Moroccan Sign Language — Tetouan, other cities.
• Morocco: Senhaja de Srair — Extinct. North, west of Tarifit.
• Mozambique: Mozambican Sign Language — In at least the 3 largest cities: Maputo, Beira, and Nampula.
• Myanmar: Anal — Possibly in Bangladesh.
• Myanmar: Bishnupriya — [no data]
• Myanmar: Gangte — May be in Tamu Township in Sagaing Division.
• Myanmar: Hpon — A few hundred speakers (Bradley 1997). Ethnic population: 2,254 (2000 WCD). Upper Irrawaddy gorges, north of Bhamo.
• Myanmar: Kiorr — [no data]
• Myanmar: Lamkang — Betukshangreng village, 20 kms. from the border with southeast Manipur, India.
• Myanmar: Pali — Extinct.
• Myanmar: Pankhu — Falam area, Chin Hills.
• Myanmar: Taman — Extinct. Tamanthi and its surrounding area in Homalin Township, Khamti District, Sagaing Division.
• Namibia: Namibian Sign Language — [no data]
• Nauru: Chinese Pidgin English — [no data]
• Nepal: Bagheli — Ethnic population: 136,953 Kewat (2001 census). Koshi Zone, Morang District.
• Nepal: Dura — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 3,397 (2001 census). Gandaki zone, Lamjung District, Dura Danda.
• Nepal: Jhankot Sign Language — Population is 10% of the village population. Midwest region, Karnali zone, Dolpo District, Jhankot village.
• Nepal: Kurmukar — [no data]
• Nepal: Meohang, Eastern — Ethnic population: 3,000. East, Koshi zone, Sankhuwasabha District, upper Arun Valley east of the river. Sunsari in Sunsari District, Bhaludhunga, Bishnupaduka Panchayat; Dibum (Dibung) in Mangtewa Panchayat; Mulgaon-Wangtang in Yaphu Panchayat.
• Nepal: Meohang, Western — Ethnic population: 3,000. East, Koshi zone, Sankhuwasabha District, upper Arun Valley west of Arun River. Bala is in Bala village, Sankhuwasabha Panchayat; Bumdemba in Sishuwakhola Panchayat. 2 villages.
• Nepal: Phangduwali — Directly above Mugakhola headwaters, Koshi Zone, Dhankuta District, Pakhribas Panchayat, Phangduwa village (Winter 1991:79).
• Nepal: Pongyong — Mechi zone, Ilam District, Kannyam Panchayat, Ambikau.
• Nepal: Waling — Extinct. Koshi zone, Bhojpur District, Khairang Panchayat.
• Netherlands: Achterhoeks — Northeast, Gelderland Province.
• Netherlands: Drents — Northeast, Drenthe Province, near Germany border.
• Netherlands: Sallands — Northeast, Overijssels Province center, Sallands.
• Netherlands: Stellingwerfs — Northeast, Stellingwerven region, Friesland Province. Centers are Oosterwolde and Wolvega.
• Netherlands: Twents — Northeast, Overijssels Province; east.
• Netherlands: Veluws — Northeast, Gelderland Province.
• New Caledonia: Waamwang — Extinct. Voh, north.
• New Zealand: New Zealand Sign Language — [no data]
• New Zealand: Pitcairn-Norfolk — [no data]
• Nicaragua: Garifuna — A few in Nicaragua (2001 E. Velásquez). Ethnic population: 1,500 in Nicaragua (1982 Meso-America). Región Atlántica Autónoma del Sur, Orinoco village, far from speakers in other countries.
• Nicaragua: Matagalpa — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 18,000 to 20,000 (1981 MARC). Ethnic group in Central highlands, Matagalpa and Jinotega departments, and in Honduras, El Paraíso Department.
• Nicaragua: Monimbo — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 10,000 (1981 MARC).
• Nicaragua: Subtiaba — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1981 MARC). Plains of León, Pacific slope.
• Nigeria: Ajawa — Extinct. Bauchi state.
• Nigeria: Akuku — Edo state, Akoko-Edo LGA.
• Nigeria: Akum — Taraba state, near Cameroon border, Manga, Ekban, Konkom villages.
• Nigeria: Auyokawa — Extinct. Jigawa state, Keffin Hausa and Auyo LGAs.
• Nigeria: Barikanchi — [no data]
• Nigeria: Basa-Gumna — Extinct. Niger state, Chanchaga LGA; Plateau state, Nasarawa LGA.
• Nigeria: Daza — Bauchi state, Darazo LGA, a few villages.
• Nigeria: Dzodinka — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA. 1 village on Cameroon border.
• Nigeria: English — [no data]
• Nigeria: Esimbi — Taraba state, SSE of Wukari.
• Nigeria: Fali of Baissa — Few left (Crozier and Blench 1992). South Taraba state, Falinga Plateau region.
• Nigeria: Fulfulde, Benin-Togo — South and west of Niger River, where Nigeria, Niger, and Benin meet, south to where a big tributary joins Niger River from the east, along Niger River south to the delta. Southern boundary is east-west line below intersection of rivers to 75 km south in Benin-Nigeria border, to border bend from north-south, to 30 km east.
• Nigeria: Fum — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, Antere, on Cameroon border.
• Nigeria: Gamo-Ningi — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992). Bauchi state, Ningi LGA.
• Nigeria: Gbaya, Northwest — Very few in Nigeria. Taraba state, Bali LGA.
• Nigeria: Gibanawa — Sokoto state, Jega LGA, near Dukawa .
• Nigeria: Hausa Sign Language — [no data]
• Nigeria: Holma — Extinct. Adamawa state, north of Sorau on Cameroon border.
• Nigeria: Hya — Tukwri, Shike, Ligwe and Gameta villages.
• Nigeria: Ibibio — Akwa Ibom state, Itu, Uyo, Etinan, Ikot Abasi, Ikono, Ekpe-Atai, Uruan, Onna, Nsit-Ubium, and Mkpat Enin LGAs.
• Nigeria: Ihievbe — North and east of Afuze, Owan LGA, Ihievbe Ogbe, Ebetse, and Iyakhora villages.
• Nigeria: Ija-Zuba — Federal Capital Territory, south of Abuja, north of Minna Suleja road.
• Nigeria: Kanuri — [no data]
• Nigeria: Kpati — Extinct. Taraba state, Wukari, Takum LGAs.
• Nigeria: Kubi — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1995 CAPRO). Bauchi state, Gunjawa LGA, Kubi town.
• Nigeria: Kwak — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, Antere.
• Nigeria: Lamnso’ — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, scattered mixed with other languages.
• Nigeria: Lere — Ethnic population: 16,328 (2000). Bauchi state, Toro LGA.
• Nigeria: Limbum — Few in Nigeria (Crozier and Blench 1992). Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, Mambila uplands.
• Nigeria: Mawa — Extinct. Bauchi state, Toro LGA, possibly Mara village.
• Nigeria: Nde-Gbite — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, Antere.
• Nigeria: Nigerian Sign Language — [no data]
• Nigeria: Nshi — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, Antere, Nkiri.
• Nigeria: Nyong — Adamawa state, Mayo Belwa LGA. 6 villages.
• Nigeria: O’chi’chi’ — Extinct. Rivers state, Etche LGA, Ikwewengwo and Umuebulu.
• Nigeria: Oloma — Edo state, Akoko-Edo LGA.
• Nigeria: Pangseng — Taraba state, Karim Lamido LGA.
• Nigeria: Peere — Few in Nigeria. Adamawa state, Ganye LGA.
• Nigeria: Rang — Taraba state, Zing LGA.
• Nigeria: Rogo — Niger state, Rafi and Mariga LGAs, Ucanja town area, 30 km northwest of Kagara; Kaduna state, Birnin Gwari LGA.
• Nigeria: Shamang — Kaduna state, Kachia and Jema’a LGAs.
• Nigeria: Shau — Bauchi state, Toro LGA, Shau and Mana villages.
• Nigeria: Sorko — Niger, Kwara, and Kebbi states, Lake Kainji.
• Nigeria: Tamajaq, Tawallammat — Few in Nigeria. Far northwest Sokoto state.
• Nigeria: Teshenawa — Extinct. Jigawa state, Keffin Hausa LGA, Teshena town.
• Nigeria: Uokha — North and west of Afuze, Owan LGA.
• Nigeria: Usaghade — Cross River state, Odukpani LGA, Calabar area.
• Nigeria: Viti — Taraba state, Sardauna LGA, Antere.
• Nigeria: Voro — Adamawa state, Guyuk and Song LGAs, south of Dumne Road, Waltande, and associated hamlets.
• Nigeria: Yamba — Few in Nigeria (1990 R. Blench). Taraba state, Sardauna and Gashaka LGAs, Antere, and other border villages.
• Nigeria: Zhire — Kaduna state, Kachia and Jema’a LGAs.
• Nigeria: Ziriya — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 2,000. Bauchi state, Toro LGA, Kere and Ziriya.
• Nigeria: Zizilivakan — Adamawa state, Mubi LGA, Jilbu town, near Cameroon border.
• Northern Mariana Islands: English — [no data]
• Norway: Norwegian, Traveller — [no data]
• Norway: Saami, Pite — Between Saltenfjord and Ranenfjord.
• Oman: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Pakistan: Badeshi — Ethnic population: 2,825 (2000). Bishigram (Chail) Valley upper reaches, east of Madyan, Swat Kohistan. 1 village.
• Pakistan: Baluchi — [no data]
• Pakistan: English — [no data]
• Pakistan: Gujarati — Lower Punjab, Sindh.
• Pakistan: Lahnda — [no data]
• Pakistan: Marwari — Eastern upper Sindh Province.
• Pakistan: Memoni — Karachi.
• Pakistan: Pakistan Sign Language — [no data]
• Pakistan: Pushto — [no data]
• Pakistan: Savi — Some might live in refugee camps near Timargarha in Dir, Pakistan and near Drosh in Chitral, Pakistan. Probably most returned to Afghanistan.
• Palau: English — [no data]
• Palestinian Territory, Occupied: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Palestinian Territory, Occupied: Samaritan — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). West Bank near Nablus, Tel Aviv, Israel. Also in Israel.
• Palestinian Territory, Occupied: Samaritan Aramaic — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). West Bank near Nablus; Tel Aviv, Israel. Also in Israel.
• Panama: Chinese, Yue — Panama City, Colón, larger towns of interior.
• Panama: Epena — Southeastern Panama.
• Papua New Guinea: Aribwatsa — Extinct. Morobe Province, lower Wamped River.
• Papua New Guinea: Bina — Extinct. Central Province, north of Baibara.
• Papua New Guinea: Hermit — Extinct. Western Manus Province, Hermit Islands, Luf and Maron islands.
• Papua New Guinea: Kaniet — Extinct. Manus Province, Anchorite and Kaniet Islands, western.
• Papua New Guinea: Karami — Extinct. Gulf Province, Western Province border, northeast of Tao-Suamoto.
• Papua New Guinea: Makolkol — Extinct. Unlikely any speakers remain (Wurm 2003). East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula.
• Papua New Guinea: Motu, Hiri — Very few L1 speakers (1992 T. Dutton). Central Province, Port Moresby area; some in Oro, Central, Gulf, Milne Bay, Western provinces.
• Papua New Guinea: Mulaha — Extinct. Central Province, just southeast of Gaile on the coast.
• Papua New Guinea: Ouma — Extinct. Central Province, south coast around Labu.
• Papua New Guinea: Rema — Extinct. Western Province, Morehead District.
• Papua New Guinea: Uruava — Extinct. Bougainville Province, southeast coast.
• Papua New Guinea: Yoba — Extinct. Central Province, north of Magori.
• Paraguay: Emok — Extinct. East Chaco, near Asunción.
• Paraguay: Guarani — [no data]
• Paraguay: Maskoy Pidgin — Puerto Victoria.
• Peru: Abishira — Extinct. Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on Napo River.
• Peru: Aguano — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga. Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, right bank tributary of Marañon River.
• Peru: Andoa — Extinct. Pastaza River.
• Peru: Aushiri — Extinct. Napo River right bank tributaries, Escuelacocha.
• Peru: Cholón — Extinct. Huallaga River valley from Tingo María to Valle.
• Peru: Hibito — Extinct. Bobonaje River, Jelache tributary, Huayabamba tributary entering Huallaga on west.
• Peru: Omurano — Extinct.
• Peru: Panobo — Extinct. Ucayali River mixed with the Shetebo.
• Peru: Peruvian Sign Language — [no data]
• Peru: Quechua — [no data]
• Peru: Quechua, Classical — Extinct. Central Peru.
• Peru: Remo — Extinct. Between Tapiche and Calleria rivers. If they exist, they are in Brazil at Moa River headwaters; but there is no evidence of their existence in Brazil.
• Peru: Sensi — Extinct. Right bank of Ucayali River.
• Peru: Yameo — Extinct. Marañon and Amazon rivers from the mouth of the Tigre to the Nanay River.
• Philippines: Agta, Dicamay — Extinct. Luzon, Isabela Province, near Jones.
• Philippines: Agta, Villa Viciosa — Extinct. Luzon, Abra Province.
• Philippines: Ayta, Tayabas — Extinct. Luzon, Quezon Province, Tayabas.
• Philippines: Bikol — [no data]
• Philippines: Kalinga, Mabaka Valley — Luzon, southeast Kalinga Province.
• Philippines: Kallahan, Tinoc — Luzon, Hungduan, Tinoc barrio.
• Philippines: Katabaga — Extinct. Luzon, Bondoc Peninsula.
• Pitcairn: English — [no data]
• Poland: Esperanto — About 115 countries, most widely in central and eastern Europe; east Asia: China and other countries; areas of South America; southwest Asia.
• Poland: Prussian — East Prussia, formerly in Germany.
• Poland: Romani, Carpathian — One dialect in south Poland, east Hungary, and Galicia; another in Transylvania, Romania; others in Czech Republic and Slovakia; Ukraine, USA.
• Poland: Romani, Sinte — [no data]
• Portugal: Portuguese Sign Language — Used by many of 8,000 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986).
• Puerto Rico: Puerto Rican Sign Language — Ethnic population: 8,000 to 40,000 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986).
• Qatar: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Romania: Gagauz — [no data]
• Romania: Romani, Balkan — Black sea region.
• Romania: Romani, Carpathian — One dialect in Transylvania.
• Romania: Romanian Sign Language — [no data]
• Romania: Romany — [no data]
• Russian Federation: Bohtan Neo-Aramaic — [no data]
• Russian Federation: Buriat — [no data]
• Russian Federation: Kamas — Extinct. Sayan Mountains, Abalakovo village.
• Russian Federation: Kerek — No known speakers. There were 200 to 400 in 1900 but language now has no remaining speakers. Ethnic population: 8. Cape Navarin; Chukchi villages.
• Russian Federation: Komi — [no data]
• Russian Federation: Mari (Russia) — [no data]
• Russian Federation: Russian Sign Language — Moscow and St. Petersburg are major centers. Widespread with significant dialect variation. Also in Bulgaria.
• Russian Federation: Saami, Akkala — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 100 (1995 M. Krauss). Southwest Kola Peninsula.
• Russian Federation: Slavonic, Old Church — Extinct.
• Russian Federation: Yupik, Sirenik — Extinct. Chukot Peninsula, Sireniki village.
• Rwanda: English — [no data]
• Réunion: Tamil — Including L2 speakers: 120,000 in Réunion (1991 Froise).
• Saudi Arabia: Arabic — [no data]
• Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabian Sign Language — [no data]
• Senegal: Fulah — [no data]
• Senegal: N’ko — [no data]
• Serbia: Serbo-Croatian — [no data]
• Sierra Leone: English — [no data]
• Sierra Leone: N’ko — [no data]
• Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone Sign Language — Freetown.
• Singapore: Malay, Standard — Few L1 speakers. L2 speakers include ethnic Malays and some others, particularly the older generation.
• Slovakia: Slovakian Sign Language — [no data]
• Slovenia: Yugoslavian Sign Language — [no data]
• Solomon Islands: Dororo — Extinct. New Georgia.
• Solomon Islands: English — [no data]
• Solomon Islands: Guliguli — Extinct. New Georgia.
• Solomon Islands: Kazukuru — Extinct. New Georgia.
• Solomon Islands: Rennellese Sign Language — Rennell Island.
• Somalia: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Somalia: Aweer — Few if any in Somalia (1991).
• Somalia: English — [no data]
• South Africa: Birwa — [no data]
• South Africa: Camtho — Soweto, Johannesburg, urban settings.
• South Africa: Fanagalo — Several hundred thousand in South Africa (1975 Reinecke). Population total all countries: 5,100. Also in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
• South Africa: Gail — Mainly Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth.
• South Africa: Korana — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 10,000 in South Africa (1972 Barrett). West. Possibly in Botswana.
• South Africa: Seroa — Extinct. Also was in Lesotho.
• South Africa: Tsotsitaal — Had tens of thousands of primary users; hundreds of thousands of L2 users (Gilbert and Makhudu 1984). Gauteng Province, Johannesburg area, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and other cities.
• South Africa: |Xam — Extinct.
• South Africa: ||Xegwi — Extinct. Near Swaziland border.
• Spain: Quinqui — On the edge of towns.
• Spain: Valencian Sign Language — Valencian Country.
• Sudan: Acheron — North, Southern Kordofan Province, Moro Hills.
• Sudan: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Sudan: Banda, Mid-Southern — South, Sopo, near Central African Republic border. Refugees in Khartoum.
• Sudan: Banda, Togbo-Vara — South.
• Sudan: Banda-Banda — South, Sopo near Central African Republic border. Refugees in Khartoum.
• Sudan: Banda-Mbrès — South, Sopo, near Central African Republic border. Refugees in Khartoum.
• Sudan: Banda-Ndélé — South, Sopo near Central African Republic border. Refugees in Khartoum.
• Sudan: Baygo — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 850 (1978 GR). North, Southern Darfur, southeast of Nyala, hills east of Kube (Kubbi), Jebel Beygo.
• Sudan: Berti — Extinct. North, Tagabo Hills, Darfur, and Kordofan.
• Sudan: Birked — Extinct. North, north Darfur, north and east of Daju and Baygo, east of Jebel Marra between Jebel Harayt and Rizaykat (Arab) country; north of Nyala; north Kordofan south of El Obeid.
• Sudan: Daju, Dar Sila — North. Nearly all Daju of Dar Sila migrated into Dar Fur from Chad.
• Sudan: Dinka — [no data]
• Sudan: Domari — North.
• Sudan: Gule — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1983 Bender). North, Jebel Gule, San and Roro hills north of the Gaam, west of Er Roseires.
• Sudan: Homa — Extinct. South, Mopoi and Tambura towns.
• Sudan: Kanuri, Central — North.
• Sudan: Mabaan — Blue Nile and Upper Nile provinces border, between Yabus and Tombak rivers north and Khor Daga south.
• Sudan: Mandari — South, north of Bari, Taliarea; both sides of the Nile between Tombe and Mongalla.
• Sudan: Masalit — Population total all countries: 60,900. North, Darfur Province, Dar Masalit and Nyala District, scattered colonies in Dar Fongoro, south and east; Gedaref region; Geneina, Mistere, and Habila Kajangise. Also in Chad.
• Sudan: Mittu — Extinct. South.
• Sudan: Nding — Extinct. North, south Eliri range.
• Sudan: Ndogo — Few monolinguals. South, Western District, Wau-Deim Zubeir Road between Mboro and Kpango rivers; a few north of Tembura among Zande .
• Sudan: Opuuo — Upper Nile Province, Kigille and Maiwut area on Ethiopia border. Buldit in Daga River area, villages Paitath and Tedibi.
• Sudan: Sinyar — Foro Boranga is main center.
• Sudan: Tigré — Red Sea coast between Eritrea border and Tokar.
• Sudan: Tima — North, West Kordofan District, Nuba Hills, Jebel Tima area villages, 15 km southwest of Katla.
• Sudan: Togoyo — Extinct. South, west, Raga, small area.
• Sudan: Torona — Extinct. North, Talodi, Moro Hills.
• Sudan: Uduk — North, Upper Nile Province from Belila north, south along Blue Nile Province boundary to Yabus River.
• Suriname: Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin — South Suriname, upper Tapanahonij River.
• Suriname: Warao — Few in Suriname. Near Guyana border.
• Switzerland: German, Standard — [no data]
• Syria: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Syria: Lomavren — [no data]
• Syria: Mlahsö — Extinct. Qamishli town. Originally in Mlahsó and ’Ansha villages, Diyarbakir Province, Turkey.
• Taiwan: Basay — Extinct. North, Tam Shui to Kungliao area, Fengtzulin, Taipei, Sangchung, and northeast Suao and east of Ilan area.
• Taiwan: Japanese — [no data]
• Taiwan: Ketangalan — Extinct. North central, Panchiao area and northwest, west, and southeast.
• Taiwan: Papora-Hoanya — Extinct. North central coast around Lishui, Chingshui, Shalu, and inland to Taichung.
• Taiwan: Siraya — Extinct. Southwest, Tainan area, Peimen to Hengchun to Tapu.
• Taiwan: Taiwan Sign Language — [no data]
• Tanzania: Arabic, Omani Spoken — Ethnic population: 195,000 in Tanzania (Johnstone 1993). Zanzibar.
• Tanzania: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• Tanzania: Bembe — Kigoma region, Kigoma Vijinini District. Lake Tanganyika shore, from Kigoma town north to Gombe National Park.
• Tanzania: Cutchi-Swahili — Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Mwanza, Arusha.
• Tanzania: English — [no data]
• Tanzania: Kachchi — Cities.
• Tanzania: Kw’adza — Extinct. Manyara region, Mbulu District.
• Tanzania: Okiek — North, south Arusha region. Akie small groups south of Arusha among Maasai .
• Tanzania: Rombo — East, Chaga area.
• Tanzania: Subi — Kagera region, Biharamulo District.
• Tanzania: Swahili — [no data]
• Tanzania: Tanzanian Sign Language — [no data]
• Tanzania: Zaramo — Few speakers (Brenzinger, Heine, and Sommer 1991). Ethnic population: 656,730 (2000). East central coast, Pwani region, Kisarawe and Bagamoyo districts, between Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam.
• Thailand: Ban Khor Sign Language — Northeast Thailand, a few villages.
• Thailand: Chiangmai Sign Language — Chiang Mai.
• Thailand: Chinese, Min Dong — [no data]
• Thailand: Karen, Phrae Pwo — North, eastern provinces including Phrae Province.
• Thailand: Kintaq — Kedah-Perak border area, Malaysia Thailand border into southern Yala Province.
• Thailand: Korean — Bangkok.
• Thailand: Malay, Satun — A few villages near Satun. Isolated.
• Thailand: Moken — South, west coast, Phuket, Phangnga, Krabi, Ranong.
• Thailand: Phunoi — Chiangrai.
• Thailand: Tai Nüa — Possibly also in north Viet Nam.
• Thailand: Tonga — Ethnic population: 300 (2000 D. Bradley). South, 2 areas. Also in Malaysia (Peninsular).
• Togo: French Sign Language — [no data]
• Tonga: English — [no data]
• Tunisia: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Tunisia: Lingua Franca — Extinct. Tunisia; Dodecanese Islands west bank, Greece; Cyprus; other major Mediterranean ports.
• Tunisia: Sened — Extinct. South, Sened and Tmagourt villages, northwest of Gabès.
• Tunisia: Tunisian Sign Language — [no data]
• Turkey: Kumyk — A few villages.
• Turkey: Osetin — Digor dialect reportedly in Bitlis and another small town in the west; Iron dialect in cities and towns of Sarikamis and Erzerum; also in Mugla, Kars, Antalya. May also be in Syria.
• Turkey: Syriac — Extinct.
• Turkey: Tatar — Istanbul, perhaps elsewhere.
• Turkey: Turkish Sign Language — [no data]
• Turkey: Ubykh — Extinct. Istanbul area, near the Sea of Marmara, Haci Osman village.
• Turkey: Zaza — [no data]
• Turkmenistan: Chagatai — Extinct.
• U.S. Virgin Islands: Negerhollands — Extinct. Formerly in Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, St. John, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands.
• Uganda: English — [no data]
• Uganda: Nyang’i — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 15,282 Nyangia (2002 census). East, Kotido District, Dodoth County, Karenga Subcounty along Nyangea Mountians’ west side.
• Uganda: Singa — Extinct. Rusinga Island.
• Uganda: Ugandan Sign Language — Widespread, mainly in towns.
• Ukraine: Krimchak — Crimea Autonomous Republic.
• Ukraine: Romani, Carpathian — Ukraine, Transcarpathia. One dialect is in east Hungary, south Poland, and Galicia; another in Transylvania, Romania; others in Czech Republic and Slovakia, USA.
• Ukraine: Romani, Vlax — East and west, Odessa, Transcarpathia.
• Ukraine: Ukrainian Sign Language — [no data]
• United Arab Emirates: Arabic, Standard — Middle East, North Africa.
• United Kingdom: Cornish — Some under 20 years are L1 speakers. 500 use Cornish; about 100 others who speak fluently (2003). Ethnic population: 468,425 (1991 census). Southwest, Duchy of Cornwall.
• United Kingdom: Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish — Extinct. Ireland and Scotland.
• United Kingdom: Manx — Ethnic population: On the Isle of Man: 77,000 residents (1998 United Nations). Isle of Man.
• United Kingdom: Old Kentish Sign Language — Extinct. Kent.
• United Kingdom: Polari — [no data]
• United Kingdom: Romani, Welsh — England and Wales.
• United States: Abnaki, Eastern — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,800 including Western Abnaki in Canada (1982 SIL). Near Bangor, Maine. 1 village (Penobscot).
• United States: Afro-Seminole Creole — Population total all countries: 200. Bracketville, Texas. Also in Mexico.
• United States: Alsea — Extinct. Oregon, on Alsea River and Bay.
• United States: American Sign Language — No accurate census figures available that distinguish language use from audiological deafness. Reportedly third largest language in USA (1993 Honolulu Advertiser); has 100,000 to 500,000 primary users (VanCleve 1986) out of nearly 2,000,000 profoundly deaf persons in the USA (1988), Below 1% of USA population. Also in Barbados, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, Togo, Zimbabwe.
• United States: Assiniboine — Ethnic population: 1,983 (2000). Fort Belknap and Fort Peck reservations, Montana.
• United States: Atakapa — Extinct. Southwest Louisiana and southeast Texas.
• United States: Barbareño — Extinct. South California, near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Biloxi — Extinct. Lower Mississippi Valley.
• United States: Carolina Algonquian — Extinct. Northeastern North Carolina.
• United States: Catawba — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 500 (1977 SIL). Near Rock Hill, northern South Carolina.
• United States: Chehalis, Lower — Extinct. Southwest coast of Washington.
• United States: Chehalis, Upper — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). Washington, south of Puget Sound.
• United States: Chimariko — No known speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic group members left (1997 K. Turner). Northwest California.
• United States: Chitimacha — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 300 (1977 SIL). Southern Louisiana.
• United States: Chumash — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 156 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Southern California coast near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Coquille — Extinct. Southwest Oregon, formerly on upper Coquille River.
• United States: Cowlitz — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 200 (1990 M. Kinkade). Southwest Washington.
• United States: Cruzeño — Extinct. Southern California, near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Cupeño — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 700 (2000 A. Yamamoto); 20 (2000 census). Southern California, near the Pala Reservation, north of Valley Center.
• United States: Delaware — [no data]
• United States: Delaware, Pidgin — Extinct. Middle Atlantic region.
• United States: Esselen — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 80 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Central California coast near Carmel.
• United States: Eyak — No known speakers. Last speaker died January 2008. Ethnic population: 50 (Krauss 1995). Alaska, mouth of the Copper River.
• United States: Galice — Extinct. Formerly in southwest Oregon.
• United States: Hawai’i Pidgin Sign Language — A few users from about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard-of-hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Hawaiian Islands.
• United States: Ineseño — Extinct. Southern California, near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Inupiaq — [no data]
• United States: Inupiatun, North Alaskan — Name used in US Census is Inupiak. May include Northwest Alaska Inupiatun . Ethnic population: 6,420 (2000 census). Alaska, Norton Sound and Point Hope. Also in Canada.
• United States: Iowa-Oto — Extinct. Formerly north central Oklahoma; northeast Kansas, Iowa Reservation.
• United States: Karkin — Extinct. Formerly in north Central California.
• United States: Kato — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 92 (1982 SIL). Northwest California, Laytonville Reservation.
• United States: Kitsai — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 S. DeLancey). West central Oklahoma among the Caddo, Caddo County.
• United States: Lumbee — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1977 SIL). Southern North Carolina and into South Carolina and Maryland.
• United States: Mahican — Extinct. Upper Hudson River and later in Wisconsin.
• United States: Maidu, Valley — Extinct. California, between Sacramento and the Sierra foothills.
• United States: Makah — Ethnic population: 2,224 (2000 US census). Northern tip of Olympic Peninsula of Washington, opposite Vancouver Island.
• United States: Mattole — Extinct. Northern California.
• United States: Miami — Ethnic population: 2,000 (1977 SIL). Miami in north central Indiana, Miami and Peoria in northeast Oklahoma, Illinois in Illinois and Iowa.
• United States: Miwok, Bay — Extinct. Northern California, San Francisco Bay.
• United States: Miwok, Coast — Extinct. California, coast from San Francisco Bay to Bodega Bay.
• United States: Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,400 population (1977 SIL). Connecticut, Rhode Island, Long Island, New York, Wisconsin.
• United States: Molale — Extinct. Washington and Oregon, Deschutes River valley, later west in Molala and Santiam River valleys, to headwaters of Umpqua and Rogue rivers.
• United States: Nanticoke — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 400 (1977 SIL). Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland.
• United States: Natchez — Extinct. Oklahoma.
• United States: Nawathinehena — Extinct. Among the Arapaho .
• United States: Nooksack — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,600 (1997 B. Galloway). Northwest corner of Washington.
• United States: Nottoway — Extinct. Southampton County, Virginia.
• United States: Obispeño — Extinct. California, near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Ofo — Extinct. Lower Mississippi Valley.
• United States: Ohlone, Northern — North central California, Monterrey and San Benito counties.
• United States: Ohlone, Southern — Extinct. North central California, Monterrey and San Benito counties.
• United States: Piro — Extinct. Socorro, left bank of Rio Grande, USA, and Senecu, right bank, Mexico.
• United States: Piscataway — Extinct. Maryland.
• United States: Plains Indian Sign Language — Great Plains, USA. Also in Canada.
• United States: Pomo, Eastern — Extinct. Formerly California, Clear Lake area.
• United States: Pomo, Northeastern — Extinct. California, Coast Range Valley of Story Creek; a tributary of Sacramento River.
• United States: Pomo, Northern — Extinct. California, Sherwood Valley area.
• United States: Powhatan — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL). Eastern Virginia; New Jersey, Powhatan Renape Nation, Rankokus Indian Reservation, Rancocas.
• United States: Purisimeño — Extinct. Southern California, near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Quinault — No known speakers. US Census (2000) lists 40. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1977 SIL). Pacific side of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington.
• United States: Salinan — No known speakers. Ethnic population: Hundreds (1997 K. Turner). California, central coast.
• United States: Salish, Straits — Southeast Vancouver Island, British Columbia and adjoining portions of Washington, islands in between.
• United States: Shasta — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 12 (1990 census). Northern California.
• United States: Siuslaw — Extinct. South Oregon coast.
• United States: Takelma — Extinct. Rogue River middle course, Oregon.
• United States: Tillamook — Extinct. Northwest Oregon.
• United States: Tonkawa — Extinct. North central Oklahoma.
• United States: Tunica — Extinct. Central Louisiana.
• United States: Tutelo — Extinct. Lower Mississippi Valley.
• United States: Twana — No known speakers. USA Census (2000) lists 10 who use it at home. Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL). East of Puget Sound, Washington.
• United States: Unami — No known speakers. US Census (2000) lists 308 who use it at home. Ethnic population: 13,500 (1997 J. Rementer). Northeast and west central Oklahoma, north New Jersey, and lower Delaware Valley.
• United States: Ventureño — Extinct. Southern California, near Santa Barbara.
• United States: Wailaki — Extinct. Round Valley Reservation, northern California.
• United States: Wampanoag — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2006). Southeast Massachusetts.
• United States: Wappo — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 50 (1977 SIL). California, north of the San Francisco Bay area.
• United States: Wiyot — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 450 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Northwestern California.
• United States: Yuki — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Northern California on Round Valley Reservation.
• Uruguay: Uruguayan Sign Language — [no data]
• Uzbekistan: Uzbek — [no data]
• Vanuatu: Aore — Extinct. Formerly East Santo.
• Vanuatu: Ifo — Extinct. Erromanga Island, southern Vanuatu.
• Vatican State: Latin — [no data]
• Vatican State: Monastic Sign Language — Monastic communities, especially in Europe.
• Venezuela: Baniva — Extinct. Colombia border area.
• Venezuela: Baré — No known speakers. Ethnic population: Perhaps 238 (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Colombia border in extreme southwest, Amazonas, along the upper Rio Negro from Brazil-Venezuela border to Casiquiare Canal, Maroa.
• Venezuela: Chaima — East Venezuela coastal region.
• Venezuela: Cumanagoto — Extinct. East Venezuela coastal region.
• Venezuela: German, Colonia Tovar — [no data]
• Venezuela: Paraujano — No known speakers. Ethnic population: 4,306 (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Zulia state, Lake Maracaibo, near Guajiro.
• Venezuela: Sikiana — [no data]
• Venezuela: Tamanaku — Extinct. Near Mapoyo and Yawarana.
• Venezuela: Tunebo, Central — Apure state.
• Venezuela: Venezuelan Sign Language — [no data]
• Venezuela: Yavitero — Extinct.
• Viet Nam: Haiphong Sign Language — Haiphong.
• Viet Nam: Hanoi Sign Language — Hanoi.
• Viet Nam: Hmong Daw — All Hmong in Viet Nam: 787,604 (1999 census). North; others resettled in Dac Lac Province in the south.
• Viet Nam: Hmong Don — Ha Giang Province, Hua Binh, YenBai, Nghia Lo.
• Viet Nam: Hmong Dô — Ha Giang Province, Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai Province, Bac Ha District.
• Viet Nam: Hmong Njua — [no data]
• Viet Nam: Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language — Ho Chi Minh City.
• Viet Nam: Stieng, Budeh — Binh Phuoc and Tay Ninh provincesm south Stieng area.
• Viet Nam: Stieng, Bulo — Population total all countries: 6,060. Binh Phuoc, Lam Dong, Tay Ninh provinces. Also in Cambodia.
• Viet Nam: Tay Boi — Extinct. Used in the major ports of French Indo-China.
• Viet Nam: Tày Tac — Northwest, east Son La Province, Muong Tâc District.
• Viet Nam: Zhuang, Yang — About 50% are monolingual. North, Cao Bang Province, Ha Quang District.
• Western Sahara: Arabic, Hassaniyya — [no data]
• Western Sahara: Arabic, Moroccan Spoken — [no data]
• Yemen: Arabic, Standard — [no data]
• Yemen: Bathari — Population total all countries: 200. Also in Oman.
• Yemen: Hobyót — [no data]
• Zambia: Settla — [no data]
• Zambia: Zambian Sign Language — [no data]
• Zimbabwe: Fanagalo — Several hundred thousand in Zimbabwe (1975 J. Reinecke).
• Zimbabwe: Tsonga — Southeast near Mozambique border.
• Zimbabwe: Tswa — South.
• Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Sign Language — [no data]