Affix (prefix,, suffix), Stem, Coinage, Clipping, Acronym, Blend, Glottal, Stops, Fricatives, Affricates Pejoration, Amelioration, Broadening, Narrowing, Loan Word, Alphabet, Lentition, Aphaeresis, Apocope, Syncope, Cluster, Reduction, Metathesis, Vowel breaking, Assimilation, Umlaut

Cognate languages, loanword, dialects, Inflectional lang., Agglutinating lang., Isolating lang., Grimm, Satem, Centum, Celtic, Italic, Germanic, East Germanic, West Germanic, North Germanic, High German, Low German, Bishop Ulfilas, Prosody, Pitch vs. Stress, laryngeal, Umlaut, Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, Ablaut, Vowel grades, Futhorc, Present, Future, Preterite

Issues for Consideration:, 1. The "first" language and consequent theories of language development., 2. The role of stress in language change., 3. Sources for our knowledge of Germanic languages., 4. European language families., 5. Grimm's Law and its relation to Verner's Law.

phonemic changes (f, v), loss of long consonants, initial h > 0, ge > y or i, apocope of unstressed con., y unrounds, new diphthongs,, quantitative vowel distinction, plain adverb, alphabet change, digraphs (sh, ch, dg, wh, gu), loss of inflection, Sources of lexicon, phonological inventory, changes in consonants, changes in vowels, long consonants,

allophone of /g/, ic --> I, unrounding of /y/, instrusive b, d, t, "k" distributed for "c", /mb/ --> /m/, diphthong smoothing, epenthetic schwa, long/short vowels, plain adverb, allographs, u --> o (e.g., "son"), thorn --> th, loss of inflection, role of prepositions, prosody, grammatical gender, strong verbs, weak verbs, perfective, levelling, shall/will, infinitive, passive infinitive, negatives, ngative contractions, synthetic vs. analytic; 1. Reason for increase in phonemic inventory, 2. Quantitative distinction between long and short vowels, 3. Reason "son" isn't spelled with a "u", 4. Weakening of strong verbs, 5. Reasons for the loss of inflections

analogy, dialect pressure, Germanic Stress Rule, ablaut, rhotacism, Bede, Augustine, 597 AD, 449 AD, 1066 AD, umlaut, nominative, dative, accusative, genitive, singular, plural,, NP, VP, Det, N, V, ADJ, ADV, Futhorc, Thorn, Eth, Wynn, Yogh, Asc; Issues: External History, Role of Bede and Alfred in making the English, Roman and Celtic background of Britain,,

Inflection, Gmc /k/ --> OE [k], [ch], Gmc /g/ --> OE [g], [¥], [j], Gmc /sk/ --> OE [sh], Gmc /gg/ --> OE [dj], New phonemes, Double consonants (e.g. "dd"), Gmc /h/ --> OE [h], [ç], [x], OE "hw", "kn", "gn", Breaking, Palatal Diphthongization, I-Umlaut, Morphological effect of umlaut, (foot, feet), Dialects, West Saxon, eWS > lWS, Anglian (Mercian, Northumbrian), Kentish

ISSUES:, 1. West Gmc breaking, 2.Social mechanisms of language change (why shift accent?), 3. I-umlaut, I-umlaut, I-umlaut

4 Codices of Anglo-Saxon poetry (Junius, Exeter, Vercelli, Vitellius A.xv), Old English Meter, Hybridity of OE culture, Literary Dialects vs. Spoken language, Orality and Literacy, Liturgy, Charms, tropes, and the preservation of language, Caedmon, Cynewulf, AElfric, Wulfstan, Benedictine Reform

quantitative vowel distinction, plain adverb, alphabet change, digraphs (sh, ch, dg, wh, gu), loss of inflection, phonemic changes (f,v; s,z), loss of long consonants, initial h > 0, ge > y or i, apocope of unstressed con., y unrounds, new diphthongs

Sources of lexicon, phonological inventory, changes in consonants, changes in vowels, long consonants, allophone of /g/, ic --> I, unrounding of /y/, instrusive b, d, t; "k" distributed for "c", /mb/ --> /m/, diphthong smoothing, epenthetic schwa, long/short vowels, plain adverb, allographs, u --> o (e.g., "son"), thorn --> th, loss of inflection, role of prepositions, prosody, grammatical gender, strong verbs, weak verbs, perfective, levelling, shall/will, infinitive, passive infinitive, negatives, negative contractions, synthetic vs. analytic

Reason for increase in phonemic inventory ; 2. Quantitative distinction between long and short vowels ; 3. Weakening of strong verbs; 4. Reasons for the loss of inflections