JOURNAL REFERENCES

1. Birge SJ. Osteoporosis and Hip Fracture. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 1993; 9(1): 69-86.

A brief and easy to read overall review of bone metabolism, detection of osteoporosis, prevention and treatment modalities, and the relationship to hip fractures.

2 . Riggs LR and Melton LJ. The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 327(9): 620-627.

A concise review of the modalities of osteoporosis treatment, distinguishing antiresorptive from bone-forming regimens. Also makes specific recommendations concerning preventative measures.

3. . Johnston CC, Slemenda CW, Melton LJ. Clinical Use of Bone Densitometry. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324(16):1105-1108.

A short review of the method most often employed to detect osteoporosis, including the four indications for measurements of bone mass that were thought to be justified by published evidence by a subcommittee of the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Osteoporosis Foundation.

4. Rubin SM and Cummings SR. Results of Bone Densitometry Affect Women's Decisions about Taking Measures to Prevent Fractures. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992; 116(12): 990- 995.

It has been suggested that bone densitometry be used as a screening test for osteoporosis. This is the first study to examine whether the results of this test altered patients behaviors concerning prevention and treatment modalities.

5. Chesnut CH. Bone Mass and Exercise. American Journal of Medicine 1993; 95(supp 5A): 34S-36S.

A brief summary of the literature concerning the relationship between exercise and bone mass. Raises important questions that are yet to be answered, including whether exercise is protective against fractures.

6. Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, et al. Weight-Bearing Exercise Training and Lumbar Bone Mineral Content in Postmenopausal Women. Annals of Internal Medicine 1988; 108: 824-828.

 This study in postmenopausal women demonstrated that weight- bearing exercise with loading of the axial skeleton in combination with supplemental calcium intake to 1500mg/day led to significant increases in the lumbar bone mass. Of note, the gain in lumbar bone mass was lost after several months if the exercise program was not maintained.

 

7. Simkin A, Ayalon J, and Leichter I. Increased Trabecular Bone Density Due to Bone-Loading Exercises in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women. Calcified Tissue International 1987; 40: 59-63.

 

A study in postmenopausal women in which bone-loading exercises of the distal forearm, a common site of fracture in this age group, led to an increase in the local bone density.

 

8. Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 54: 274S-280S.

 

A review of the clinical trials studying the effect of calcium supplementation on osteoporosis. The areas of bone mass measurement, optimal length of clinical trials, and appropriate dose of calcium are highlighted.

 

9. Reid IR, Ames RW, et al. Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 328(7): 460-464.

 

This study demonstrated that in postmenopausal women with average baseline dietary calcium intake, a calcium supplement of one gram per day slowed axial and appendicular skeletal bone loss.