Articles

1. Shigehiro Yoshizawa, Hiroko Honda, Makoto Urushibara, and Naka Nakamura.

Aerobic-Anaerobic Energy Supply and Daily Physical Activity Level in Young

Children. International Series on Sport Science Volume 19. Children and Exercise

xiii. Human Kinetics Books; Champaign, Illinois. 1989. pgs. 47-56.

Conclusion:

Lactacid anaerobic work capacities of young children are lower than those of older children and adolescents,

and values of HR and VO2 relative to 4mMLA are very close to HRmax and VO2max, respectively. Therefore,

physical activity levels can only be estimated by using HR in young children. Daily physical activity levels of young

children in the nursery were low; thus any kind of endurance exercise should be planned as a part of the usual

program.

2. Cameron Joe R. Blimkie, Jean Ramsey, Digby Sale, Duncan MacDougall, Karen Smith,

and Scott Garner. Effects of 10 weeks ofd Resistance Training on Strength Development

in Prepubertal Boys. International Series on Sport Sciences Volume 19. Children and

Exercise xiii. Human Kinetics Books; Champaign, Illinois. 1989. pgs. 183-197.

Conclusion:

Ten weeks of circuit training significantly increased performance strength for the 1 RM. bench press and the

double arm curl as well as for maximal voluntary isometric stretch of the elbow flexors in prebutal boys.

Strength increases were independent of changes in lean cross-sectional area of the upper arm. Strength

increases were attributed instead to improved motor unit activation, and to specific motor skill and other

neurological adaptations to training.

3. F. Mersch and Hans Stoboy. Strength Training and Muscle Hypertrophy

in Children. International Series on Sport Sciences Volume 19. Children and

Exercise xiii. Human Kinetics Books; Champaign, Illinois. 1989. pgs. 165-182.

Conclusion:

This investigation indicates that a hypertrophy of muscle can be caused by training in the prepubescent

boys while the testosterone concentration remains at the prepubescent level.

4. Frank A. Treiber, William B. Strong, Frederick W. Arensman, and

Mike Gruber. Relationship Between Habitual Physical Activity and

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Young Children. International

Series on Sport Sciences Volume 19. Children and Exercise xiii. Human

Kinetics Books; Champaign, Illinois. 1989. pgs. 285-293.

Conclusion:

This study has demonstrated a relationship between reported levels of physical activity in childhood

and cardiovascular responses to exercise that were suggestive of a coronary-prone pattern in the

less physically active individuals.

5. Joseph Rutenfranz, Milos Macek, and Richard Bell. Integrated

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors During a Longitudinal

Cross-sectional Study of Czech Children. International Series on

Sport Sciences Volume 19. Children and Exercise xiii. Human Kinetics

Books; Champaign, Illinois. 1989. pgs. 255-259.

Conclusion:

Even for a population that is traditionally quite open-minded concerning preventive health measures, this

study revealed a general lack of information about individuals who might be under high risk for the

development of coronary heart disease. The study demonstrated that the low-risk strategies should be

supplemented by special preventive measures for identifying high-risk subjects. Such measures should

include a family history taken not later than the age of 12 years, annual blood pressure measures under

appropriate conditions, and biannual determinations of cholesterol and, if possible, its subfractions.

Smoking habits are, at different ages, difficult to determine but should regularly be checked and their

harmful effects should regularly be discussed.

Appropriate daily physical activity is age dependent. Critical periods occur during the postpubertal

phase and the time when apprenticeships are usually started. Young female workers appear to be

especially susceptible to adopting negative lifestyle habits after having started to work in industry

or at vocational schools.

6. B. Nielsen, K. Nielsen, M. Behrendt Hansen, and E. Asmussen. Training

of "Functional Muscular Strength" in Girls 7-19 years old. International

Series on Sport Sciences Volume 10. Children and Exercise ix. Human

Kinetics Books; Champaign, Illinois. 1980. pgs. 69-78.

Conclusion:

It may be stated that the increase in girls' muscle strength with age is partly the result of a dimensional

growth in height and weight, but is also because of an age factor, which presumably improves neuro-

muscular function. Furthermore, strength training by different methods is transferable to a certain degree,

but even simple tests, such as isometric stretch testing, demand so much skill that a specific training

effect is noticeable.

Click on image to return to main page.