[handout from a talk at Stanford, during the year I spent at Casbah (Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences). I think it was at a workshop for philosophers and linguists, organized by J. Moravcsik. The philosophers were appalled at the number of examples.]

A Chrestomathy of Chestnuts

Emmon Bach
Stanford, March 4, 1977

1. When he was in India, Burton learned Persian.
2. When Burton was in India, he learned Persian.
3. Burton learned Persian, when he was in India.
4. He learned Persian, when Burton was in India.
5. When she was in India, every woman learned Hindi.
6. When every woman was in India, she learned Hindi.
7. Every woman learned. Hindi, when she was in India.
8. When he was in. Alaska, he learned Tlingit.
9. He learned Tlingit, when he was in Alaska.

10. While in the Karakoram every soldier learns Burushaski.
11. Near him, every senator found a lobbyist.

12. Every donkey who had an owner kicked him. (Geach)
13. Every man who has a donkey beats the donkey that he has.
14. Every man who is married to a woman that owns a donkey beats it.
15. *Every man who is married to a woman that owns a donkey beats the donkey that he is married to a woman that owns.
16. Every donkey who pretends to have a master kicks him.

17. The woman who gives her paycheck to her husband is smarter than the woman who gives it to her um.* (L. Karttunen)
18. The woman who introduces her husband to her boss is smarter than the woman who introduces him to her um.
19. The woman who sold her Ferrari to Mucci was happier than the woman who sold it to Palance.

[*From a current jest: "I'ld like you to meet my daughter and her um."]

20. I offer any pair [of garters] they like, to those who will try them on. (Maupassant)
21. The woman he wrote to saw her husband. (P. Jacobson)
22. Her childhood friend saw his wife.
23. The house that belongs to the woman who wrote to him pleased her husband.
24. Only the man who loves Mary saw his wife.
25. Only the man who loves her saw his wife.
26. The woman he wrote to saw the man who loves her.
27. The man who loves her was seen by the woman he wrote to.
28.. The man who his wife loves left.
29. The woman who the man who loves her wrote to is at the door.
30. The woman who wrote to him saw the man who she loves.
31. The man who she loves was seen by the woman who wrote to him.
32. Her childhood friend's wife was there.
33. The wife of her childhood friend was in New York.
34. The wife of his best friend saw the man who loves her.
35. His wife saw the man who loves her.
36. The wife of the man who loves her's best friend saw the man who loves her.
37. The man who loves her's wife saw the man who loves her.
38. The man who loves her saw his wife.
39. His wife was seen by the man who loves her.
40. The man who loves her was seen by his wife.

41. I saw John but the bastard wouldn't talk to me.
42. When the bastard was in India, Burton learned Hindi.
43. The bastard learned Hindi, when Burton was in India.

44. Every politician turns crooked when the bastard goes to Washington.
45. Near the bastard, John saw a snake.
46. Near the place where the bastard was sitting, John saw a snake.
47. Near the bastard every politician saw a lobbyist.
48. John saw a snake near the bastard.
49. Every donkey who had an owner kicked the bastard.
50. Every man who pretends to have a donkey kicks the poor beast.
51. The woman who gives her paycheck to her husband is smarter than the woman who gives the damn thing to her um.
52. The woman who is pleased by her paycheck is happier than the woman who it disappoints.
53. The woman who it disappoints is less happy than the woman who is pleased by her paycheck.

54. Only John believes that it would be inadvisable for him to vote for himself. (Partee)
55. Only John believes that it would be inadvisable to vote for himself.
56. Everyone considered it inadvisable for him to perjure himself.
57. Only John believes that it would be inadvisable for the bastard to vote for himself.
58. Everyone considered it inadvisable for the idiot to perjure himself.
59. Every candidate believed that only she considered it inadvisable for her to vote for herself.

60. Which boy that Betty detested did she seem to have kissed?
61. Which boy did she seem to have kissed that Betty detested?
62. It is evident to him that John is a fool.
63. What he discovered was a proof of Descartes' existence.
64. What Descartes discovered was a proof of his existence.
55. Realizing that he was unpopular seems to have disturbed Oscar.
66. Announcing that Tom was a CIA agent seemed to Mary to have made him unpopular.
67. The claim haunted him that Humphrey had won.
68. Crashing into Sweeney's house, he saw an elephant.
69. Without going into the gory details of Henry's early life, he told us how successful he was.
70. That John loved Mary thrilled her.
71. It thrilled her that John loved Mary.
72. Who did it thrill her that John loved?
73. It was Mary that it thrilled her that John loved.
74. He stabbed John.
75. Smarter than Einstein was he didn't think he was.
76. Cruel to Harry though he thinks I am I'll still help him.
77. Fond of Sarah Weinstein's mother she definitely isn't.
78. That John had a hangover, he wasn't surprised.
79. So many sense impressions impinge on every traveler that he can't grasp them.

80. There's a man in his garden.
81. They have a baby in its crib.
82. We talked about the garden in it.
83. While we were in the garden we talked about it.
84. In the garden we talked about it.
85. Dawn took place at it(self).

86. Mary gnashed her teeth.
87. Davy Jones was on the old seaman's last legs.
88. John said the book had been written by Sally and himself.
89. John said the book had been written by Sally and the bastard.

90. John is here. Will he shoot? (Chomsky)
91. Every soldier is here. Will he shoot?
92. Some soldier is here. Will he shoot?
93. .... Will the bastard shoot?
94. .... Will they shoot?

95. Bill didn't ride a camel, but I did, and he was really smelly. (Postal, Grinder)
96. Bill didn't ride a camel, but he wanted to, and he was really smelly.
97. Sally wants to marry a Pima. Oh, who is he?
98. Walter wants to marry a Haida. She would be his informant.

99. The woman he loved told him that John was a jerk. (Wasow)
100. The woman he loved told him that we were jerks.
101. The woman he loved told us that John was a jerk.
102. The woman in the garden told him that John was a jerk.
103. The woman he loved told every man that he was a jerk.

104. Portia sold the slave to himself.
105. Claudia is always talking to herself.
106. Sally wants to prove the theorem by herself.
107. Bill wants to write a novel about itself.
108. This novel is about itself.
109. The garden has a number of chairs in itself.
110. The soldiers elected the officers.
111. No one can love everyone unless he loves himself.