Publications
Books
Epstein, S.(with Brodsky,
A). (1993). You're smarter than you think: How to develop your practical
intelligence for success in living. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Epstein, S.(1998). Constructive thinking: The key to emotional intelligence.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
Selected Articles and Chapters
(Reprints for most available on request.)
Cognitive-experiential Self-theory
Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited or a theory of a theory.
American Psychologist, 28, 404-416.
Epstein, S. (1983). The unconscious, the preconscious and the self-concept.
In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self
(Vol. 2, pp. 219- 247). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Epstein, S. (1989). Values from the perspective of Cognitive-experiential
Self-theory. In N. Eisenberg, J. Reykowski, & E. Staub (Eds.), Social
and moral values (pp. 3-22). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive-experiential Self-theory. In L. Pervin (Ed.),
Handbook of personality theory and research: Theory and research (pp.
165-192). NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
Epstein, S. (1991). Cognitive-experiential Self-theory: Implications for
developmental psychology. In M. Gunnar & L.A. Sroufe (Eds.), Self-processes
and development, Vol. 23. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (pp.
79-123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Epstein, S. (1991). Cognitive-experiential Self-theory: An integrative
theory of personality. In R. Curtis (Ed.), The relational self: Convergences
in psychoanalysis and social psychology (pp. 111-137). NY: Guilford.
Epstein, S. (1992). The cognitive self, the psychoanalytic self, and the
forgotten selves. Comment on Drew Westen, The cognitive self and the psychoanalytic
self: Can we put our selves together? Psychological Inquiry, 3, 34-37.
Epstein, S. (1993). Implications of cognitive-experiential self-theory
for personality and developmental psychology. In D. Funder, R. Parke,
C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time:
Personality and development (pp. 399-438). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Epstein, S. (1993). Bereavement from the perspective of cognitive-experiential
self-theory. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook
of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 112-125). NY:
Cambridge University Press.
Epstein, S.(1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic
unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709- 724.
Epstein, S. (1998). Cognitive-experiential self-theory: A dual process
personality theory with implications for diagnosis and psychotherapy.
In R.F. Bornstein and J. M. Masling (Eds.), Empirical research on the
psychoanalytic unconscious (Vol. 7, pp. 99-140). Washington, D.C.: American
Psychological Association.
Epstein, S. (1998). Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In D. Barone,
M. Hersen, & V. B. VanHasselt (Eds.), Advanced Personality (pp. 211-238)
NY: Plenum.
Epstein, S. (1998). Personal control from the perspective of cognitive-experiential
self-theory. In M. Kofta, G. Weary, & G. Sedek (Eds.), Personal control
in action: Cognitive and emotional mechanisms (pp. 5-26). New York: Plenum.
Epstein, S. (1999). The interpretation of dreams from the perspective
of cognitive-experiential self-theory. In Singer & Salovey (Eds.), At
play in the fields of consciousness: Essays in honor of Jerome L. Singer
(pp.59-82) Mahway,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Epstein, S. (1999). The relation of rational and experiential information
processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon.
Jounal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 972-987.
Epstein, S. (2001). The rationality debate from the perspective of cognitive-experiential
self-theory. Behavioral and Brain Science, 23, 671-673.
Epstein, S. (2002). Cognitive-experiential self-theory of personality.
In T. Millon & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology,
Vol. 5 (pp. 159-184): Personality and Social Psychology. Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley.
Epstein, S. (2003). Cognitive-experiential self-theory, an integrative
psychodynamic theory of personality. Bulletin of the Academy of Clinical
Psychology, 9, 5-10.
Epstein, S. (In press). Unconscious roots of Hitler's anti-Semitism.In
J. A. Winder (Ed.), The Annual of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 31, 47-64.
Epstein, S. (In progress). Cognitive-experiential self-theory: A psychodynamic,
integrative theory of personality. (This book is half finished. It will
bring together all my work, theoretical and empirical, on CEST.)
Epstein, S., Donovan, S., & Denes-Raj, V. (1999). The missing link in
the paradox of the Linda conjunction problem: Beyond knowing and thinking
of the conjunction rule, the intrinsic appeal of heuristic processing.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 204-214.
Epstein, S., & Erskine, N. (1983). The development of personal theories
of reality. In D. Magnusson & V. Allen (Eds.), Human development: An interactional
perspective (pp. 133-147). New York: Academic Press.
Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996). Individual
differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking
styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 390-405.
Epstein, S., & Pacini, R. (1999). Some basic issues regarding dual-process
theories from the perspective of Cognitive-experiential Self-theory. In
S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology
(pp. 462- 482). New York: Guilford Publishers.
Epstein, S. & Pacini, R. (2001). The influence of visualization on intuitive
and analytical information processing. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality:
Consciousness in Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice,
20, 195-217. Pacini, R., &
Catlin, G., & Epstein, S. (1992). Unforgettable experiences: The relation
of life-events to basic beliefs about self and world. Social Cognition,
10, 189-209.
Katz, L., & Epstein, S. (In review). The relation of amelioration of a
cancer-prone personality and exceptional recovery from cancer.
Norris, P., & Epstein, S. (In review). Objective correlates of experiential-intuitive
and rational-analytic thinking styles.
Norris, P., & Epstein, S. (In review). The measurement of analytical and
intuitive thinking styles with a short form of the Rational-Experiential
Inventory. (In review).
Pacini, R., & Epstein, S. (1999). The interaction of three facets of concrete
thinking in a game of chance. Thinking and Reasoning, 5,303-325.
Pacini, R., & Epstein, S. (1999). The relation of rational and experiential
information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias
phenomenon. Jounal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 972-987.
Constructive Thinking
Epstein, S. (1992). Constructive thinking and mental and physical well-being.
In L.Montada, S. H. Filipp, & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Life crises & experiences
of loss in adulthood (pp. 385-409). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Epstein, S. (1992). Coping ability, negative self- evaluation, and overgeneralization:
Experiment and theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62,
826-836.
Epstein, S. (2001). Manual for the Constructive Thinking Inventory. Odessa,
FL:
Psychological Assessments Resources.
Epstein, S., & Katz, L. (1992). Coping ability, stress, productive load,
and symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 813-825.
Epstein, S., & Meier, P. (1989). Constructive thinking: A broad coping
variable with specific components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
57, 332-349.
Katz, L., & Epstein, S. (1991). Constructive thinking and coping with
laboratory-induced stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
61, 789-800.
Scheuer, E., & Epstein, S. Coping ability, reactions to a laboratory stressor,
and symptoms in everyday life. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 10, 269-303.
Emotions, Pathology, Stress, and Conflict
Epstein, S. (1967). Toward a unified theory of anxiety. In B. Maher (Ed.),
Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 4 pp. 1-89). New York:
Academic Press,Inc.
Epstein, S. (1970). Anxiety, reality and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia,
2, 11-35.
Epstein, S. (1972). The nature of anxiety with emphasis upon its relationship
to expectancy. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in
theory and research (pp. 292- 338). New York: Academic Press, pp. 292-338.
Epstein, S. (1978). Approach-avoidance, the fifth basic conflict. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1016-1022.
Epstein, S. (1979). The ecological study of emotions in humans. In P.
Pliner, K. R. Blankstein, & I. M. Spigel (Eds.), Advances in the study
of communication and affect, Vol. 5: Perception of emotions in self and
others (pp. 47- 83). New York: Plenum.
Epstein, S. (1979). Natural healing processes of the mind: I. Acute schizophrenic
disorganization. Schizophrenic Bulletin, National Institute of Mental
Health, 5, 313-321. (Also reproduced in the Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry.
Hartford: The Institute of Living.)
Epstein, S. (1982). Conflict and stress. In S. Breznitz & L. Goldberger
(Eds.), Handbook of stress (pp. 49-68). New York: The Free Press of MacMillan.
Epstein, S. (1983). Natural healing processes of the mind: II. Graded
stress innoculation as an inherent coping mechanism. In D. Meichenbaum
& M. Jaremko (Eds.), Stress prevention and management: A cognitive behavioral
approach (pp. 39-66). New York: Plenum.
Epstein, S. (1984). Controversial issues in emotion theory. In P. Shaver
(Ed.), Annual review of research in personality and social psychology
(pp. 64-87). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Epstein, S. (1991). The self-concept, the traumatic neurosis, and the
structure of personality. In D. Ozer, J. M. Healy, Jr., & A. J. Stewart
(Eds.), Perspectives in personality (Vol. 3A, pp. 63-98). London: Jessica
Kingsley Publishers Ltd.
Epstein, S. (1993). Emotion and self-theory. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland
(Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 313-326). New York: The Guilford Press.
Epstein, S. (1998). Emotions and psychopathology from the perspective
of cognitive-experiential self-theory. In W. E. Flack & J. D. Laird (Eds.),
Emotions and psychopathology: Theory and research (pp. 57-69). New York:
Oxford University Press.
Mastery of Stress in Sport-parachuting
Epstein, S., & Fenz, W. D. (1963). Steepness of approach and avoidance
gradients in humans as a function of experience. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 70, 1-12.
Epstein, S., & Fenz, W. D. (1965). Theory and experiment on the measurement
of approach-avoidance conflict. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
64, 97-112.
Epstein, S.,& Fenz.W. (1967). The detection of areas of stress through
variations in perceptual threshold and physiological arousal. Journal
of Experimental Research in Personality, 2, 191-199.
Fenz, W. D., & Epstein, S. (1962). The measurement of approach-avoidance
conflict by a stimulus dimension in a test of thematic apperception. Journal
of Personality, 30, 613-632.
Fenz, W., & Epstein, S. (1967). Gradients of physiological arousal of
experienced and novice parachutists as a function of an approaching jump.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 29, 33-51.
Methodology in Personality Research
Epstein, S. (1962). Theory and experiment on the measurement of drive
and conflict. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, M. R. Jones (Ed.).
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 127-209.
Epstein, S. (1966). Some theoretical considerations on the nature of ambiguity
and the use of stimulus dimensions in projective techniques. Journal of
Consulting Psychology, 30, 183-192.
Epstein, S. (1979). Explorations in personality today and tomorrow: A
tribute to Henry A. Murray. American Psychologist, 34, 649-653.
Epstein, S. (1983). A research paradigm for the study of personality and
emotions. In M. M. Page (Ed.), Personality--Current Theory & Research:
1982 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 91-154). Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press. (Note.- Discusses and illustrates the advantages of
a combined idiographic-nomothetic research approach.)
Epstein, S. (1984). A procedural note on the measurement of broad dispositions.
Journal of Personality, 52, 318-325.
Epstein, S. (1985). The implications of cognitive- experiential self-theory
for research in social psychology and personality. Journal for the Theory
of Social Behaviour, 15, 283-310.
Epstein, S.(1987). The relative value of theoretical and empirical approaches
for establishing a psychological diagnostic system. Journal of Personality
Disorders, 1, 100- 109.
Epstein, S. (1994). Trait theory as personality theory: Can a part be
as great as the whole? Psychological Inquiry, 5, 120-122.
Epstein, S. (1995). What can be done to improve the journal- review process?
American Psychologist, 50, 883-885.
Epstein, S. (1996). Recommendations for the future development of personality
psychology. Commmentary in Journal of Research in Personality: SpecialEdition,
30, 435- 446.
Epstein, S. (1997). This I have learned from over forty years of conducting
personality research. Journal of Personality, 65,3-32.
Epstein, S., & Kaplan, W.(1983). The relationship of headaches and stomach
aches to negative emotions: A study of intrasubject relations. In C. D.
Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment
(Vol. 3, pp. 79-103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
O'Brien, E.J., & Epstein, S. (1998). The Multidimensional Self-esteem
Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
The Person-Situation Debate
Epstein, S. (1979). The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of
the people much of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
37, 1097-1126.
Epstein, S. (1980). The stability of behavior: II. Implications for psychological
research. American Psychologist, 35, 790-806.
Epstein, S. (1983). Aggregation and beyond: Some basic issues on the prediction
of behavior. Journal of Personality, 51, 360-392.
Epstein, S. (1984). The stability of behavior across time and situations.
In R. Zucker, J. Arnoff, & A. I. Rabin (Eds.), Personality and the prediction
of behavior (pp. 209- 268). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Epstein, S. (1986). Does aggregation produce spuriously high estimates
of behavior stability? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50,
1199-1210.
Epstein, S. (1986). The person-situation debate. In Edward E. Roskam (Ed.),
Measurement and testing in psychology. North Holland: Elsevier Science
Publishers, B. V.
Epstein, S. (1989). Comment on the effects of aggregation across and within
occasions on consistency, specificity, and reliability. Methodika, 4,
95-100.
Epstein, S., & O'Brien, E. J. (1985). The person-situation debate in historical
and current perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 513-537.
Epstein, S., & Teraspulsky, L. (1986). The perception of cross-situational
consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1152-1160.
Conditioning and Psychophysiology
Epstein, S., & Burstein, K. (1966). A replication of Hovland's study of
generalization to frequencies of tones. Journal of Experimental Psychology,
72, 782-784.
Epstein, S., Burstein, K., & Smith, R. (1967). Primary stimulus generalization
of the GSR as a function of objective and subjective definition of the
stimulus dimension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 124-131.
Epstein, S., & Clarke, S. (1970). Heart rate and skin conductance during
experimentally induced anxiety: Effects of anticipated intensity of noxious
stimulation and experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 84, 105-112.
Epstein, S. & Roupenian (1970).Heart rate and skin conductance during
experimentally induced anxiety: The effect of uncertainty about receiving
a noxious stimulus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16,
20-28.
Epstein, S., & Szpiler, J. (1976). Availability of an avoidance response
as related to autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 73-82.
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