CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Rachel E. Keen (formerly Rachel K. Clifton)

Former Address: Tobin Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003

Current Address: Department of Psychology, P. O. Box 400400, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901

Telephone: (413) 545-2655;  e-mail: rachelkeen@virginia.edu

Education:

School Degree Date Major

Berea College, Berea, KY                                            B.A.                 1959                Elementary Education

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN                    M.A.                1960                Child Psychology

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN                    Ph.D.               1963                Child Psychology

University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI                          NICHD Postdoctoral fellow 1963-1965

University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa                             NICHD Postdoctoral fellow 1966

Experience:

University of Iowa, Research Associate, Institute for Child Development and Behavior, 1966-1968 (half-time).

University of Massachusetts, Assistant Professor, 1968-1973 (half-time).

University of Massachusetts, Associate Professor, 1973-1976 (half-time).

University of Massachusetts, Professor, 1976 - present (half-time until 1979).

Stanford University, Visiting Professor, 1975-1976.

University of Sussex, Brighton, England, Visiting Professor, 1981-1982.

MIT, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Cambridge, MA, Visiting Professor, 1988-1989.

MRC-Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England, Visiting Professor, 1989-1990.

University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Visiting Professor, 1995-1996.

Harvard University, Visiting Professor, 2002-2004.

Consulting and Editorial Work:

1. Member of editorial board for Psychophysiology, 1969-1972; for Developmental Psychology, 1974-1976, and 1986-1988; for Infant Behavior & Development, 1977-1981; for Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1983-1985; for Developmental Psychobiology, 1986-1990.

2. Associate editor for Psychophysiology, 1972-1975.

3. Associate editor for Child Development, 1977-1979.

4. Editor, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1993-1999.

5. Member of Experimental Psychology Study Section, National Institutes of Health, 1974-1977.

6. Member of Board of Directors, 1975-1978, and Publications Board, 1978-1981, for Society for Research in Psychophysiology.

7. Member of Boyd R. McCandless Awards Committee, 1978-1979, Division 7 of APA.

8. Member of Committee to select "Young Psychophysiologist Award", Society for Psychophysiological Research, 1979-1980.

9. Member of Social & Behavioral Science Research Advisory Committee for March of Dimes, 1978-1981.

10. Secretary for Society for Research in Child Development, 1979-1985.

11. Member of Cognition, Emotion, and Personality Research Review Committee, National Institute of Mental Health, 1983-1987.

12. Member of Credentials Committee, Division 7, American Psychological Association, 1985-1987.

13. Member of the Forum on Research Management of the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences, 1986-1988.

14. Secretary-Treasurer of the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences, 1987-1989.

15. Member of NIH Study Section, Human Development, HUD-1, 1990-1994.

16. Member of Executive Board of the International Society for Infancy Research, 1994-1998.

17. AAAS Electorate Nominating Committee, Section J, Psychology, 1994-1997.

18. APA Committee on Scientific Awards, 1995-1997; chair, 1996-1997.

19. Member of Executive Board of International Society on Infant Studies, 1994-2004.

20. Chair of Publications Committee, International Society on Infant Studies, 2000-2004.

21. Member of Publications Committee, Society for Research in Child Development, 2003-2007; chair, 2005-2007.

22. Chair of Search Committee for Editor of SRCD Monographs, 2004-2005.

Honors:

1. Phi Kappa Phi, 1958, Berea College.

2. Predoctoral fellow, National Institute of Mental Health, 1961-1963

3. Postdoctoral fellow, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 1963-1966.

4. University of Massachusetts Distinguished Faculty Award, fall, 1988.

5. Research Scientist Award, National Institute of Mental Health, 1981-2001.

6. Fellow of Division 6 and 7, American Psychological Association.

7. Fellow of American Association of the Advancement of Science.

8. Fellow and charter member of American Psychological Society.

9. Distinguished Alumna Award, Berea College, 1994.

10. President-Elect, 1996-1998, President, 1998-2000, Past-President, 2000-2002, International Society on Infant Studies.

11. MERIT award from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1999-2009.

12. Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, 2001.

13. Samuel F. Conti Faculty Fellowship Award, University of Massachusetts, 2002

 14. Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the Society for Research in Child Development, 2005.

 15. Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Research and Creative Activity from Univ. of Massachusetts, 2005.

16. Elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2006.

Grants Received:

National Institute of Mental Health, MH18107, "Heart rate conditioning in the human infant", 1969, $6000. (NIMH Small Grant program)

Faculty Research Grant from University of Massachusetts, 1969, $1000.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, HD06753, "Classical conditioning of heart rate in human infants", 1972-1975, $81,617.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, HD06753, "Auditory competence and learning in human infants", 1977-1980.

March of Dimes, "Habituation to auditory and tactile stimuli in low birthweight infants", (Co-Investigator with Edward Tronick, PI), 1978-1980.

March of Dimes, "Sensory and defensive thresholds in prematurely born infants", (Co-Investigator with Edward Tronick, PI), 1980-1982.

Biomedical Research Support Grant, RR07048, "Auditory perception in human infants", 1980-1981, $5000.

National Science Foundation, BNS 810354, "Complex auditory processing in human infants," 1981-1983, $69,997. (with Marsha Clarkson)

Biomedical Research Support Grant RR07048-17, "Complex auditory processing in children with temporal lobe epilepsy", 1982-1983, $4,992.

National Science Foundation, BNS 83-04419, "Complex auditory processing in human infants", 1983-1986, $164,828. (with Marsha Clarkson)

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, DC00362, "Development of sound localization in infants", 1987-1990, $167,486.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, "Small Instrumentation grant program," 1988-1989, $23,753.

National Science Foundation, BNS 9912543, "The precedence effect as a dynamic process", 1988-1991, $97,825. (with Richard Freyman)

National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders, "The precedence effect as a dynamic process", 1992-1995, $147,519.(with Richard Freyman)                   

March of Dimes, "Contingency learning and retention in preterm infants", 1995-1997, $36,497; (with     Nathalie Goubet).

National Institute of Mental Health, MH00332, "Auditory competence and learning in human infants", 1981-1986; 1986-1991; 1991-1996; 1996-2001. (Research Scientist Award)

National Science Foundation, Co-PI (PI, Neil Berthier), ALearning and intelligent systems:  Developmental motor control in real and artificial systems@, 09/01/97 - 08/31/00.           $625,000.

National Science Foundation, Co-Investigator (PI, Rod Grupen), AA facility for cross disciplinary research on sensorimotor development in humans and machines. 07/97 - 0 6/02. $920,598.

National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders, Co-Investigator (PI, Richard Freyman), AThe precedence effect as a dynamic process@, 12/1/97 - 11/30/01. $429,000.

Swiss National Science Foundation, Co-Investigator (PI, Andre Bullinger, University of Geneva). AOlfactory responsiveness in human premature newborns@, 9/1/98 - 8/31/01. 363,397 Swiss francs.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, HD27714,  "Reaching and cognition in infancy", 1991-1995, $270,809;   1995-1999,  $543,898; 1999-2004, $720,438 (MERIT award extended this grant to 2009).

National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders, Co-Investigator (PI, Richard Freyman), Precedence: Its role in recognizing speech in noise@, 4/01/02-3/31/06, $607,796.

 MERIT Award extension of HD27714, “Reaching and cognition in infancy”, 2005-2009. TDC: $1,450277.

Selected Conference Presentations:

Conference on Cardiovascular Psychophysiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1972, funded by National Science Foundation.

Conference on Habituation: Comparative and Developmental Approaches, Holderness, N.H., 1974, funded by the Society for Research in Child Development.

Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, 1976.

Brown County Conference on "Genetic and Experiential Factors in Perceptual Development, 1979, funded by NSF and the Sloan Foundation.

Conference on Auditory Development during Infancy, University of Toronto, 1981.

Winter Conference on Current Issues in Developmental Psychology, Hawk's Cay, Florida, 1986; 1988.

Conference on Perceptual Development, Wollongong, Australia, 1988.

Conference on The Development and Neural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions, sponsored by the  NIMH, the McDonnell Foundation, and the University of Pennsylvania, at the Sugarloaf Conference Center, Philadelphia, PA, May 20-24, 1989 (discussant).

Conference on Cognitive models of Speech Processing, Sperlonga, Italy, June, 1990.

Conference on Developmental Psychoacoustics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA in August, 1991, sponsored by the American Psychological Association.

Conference on Binaural and Spatial Hearing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, in September, 1993, sponsored by the United States Air Force.

Conference on Learning and Intelligent Systems, Washington, DC, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, spring, 1999.

Sackler Institute Panel on Perception, Attention, and Memory, sponsored by the James S. McDonnell Foundation, February 4-6, 2000, New Orleans, LA.

Workshop on Development and Learning, sponsored by NSF and DARPA, Michigan State University, April 5-7, 2000.

Minnesota Symposium honoring Herbert Pick and Anne Pick, October, 2002.

Keynote address to North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Savannah, GA, June 5, 2003.

Distinguished Lecturer in Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, April 4, 2003.

Invited address at Child Psychiatry Day, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, February 13, 2003.

Keynote address at Auditory, Perception, Cognition and Motor Conference, Vancouver, BC, November, 2003.

Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Research and Creative Activity, University of Massachusetts, September, 2005.

Elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2006.

Professional Associations:

Society for Research in Child Development

International Society on Infant Studies

Acoustical Society of America (fellow)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (fellow)

American Psychological Association (fellow of Divisions 6 and 7)

American Psychological Society (fellow and founding member)

Publications in chronological order: (Note that between 1966 and 2002 I published under Rachel K. Clifton)

Stevenson, H. W., Keen, R.E., & Knights, R. (1963) Parents and strangers as reinforcing agents for children's performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 183-186.

Keen, R. E. (1964) The effects of auditory stimuli on sucking behavior in the human neonate. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1, 348-354.

Keen, R.E., Chase, H.H., & Graham, F.K. (1965) Twenty-four-hour retention by neonates of an habituated heart rate response. Psychonomic Science, 2, 265-266.

Graham, F.K. & Clifton, R.K. (1966) Heart rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 305-320. (This article was selected as a "Citation Classic" by Current Contents, 1978, 21, 16.)

Clifton, R.K. & Graham, F.K. (1968) Stability of individual differences in heart rate activity during the newborn period. Psychophysiology, 5, 37-50.

Clifton, R.K., Graham, F.K., & Hatton, H.M. (1968) Newborn heart rate response and response habituation as a function of stimulus duration. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 6, 265-278.

Graham, F.K., Clifton, R.K., & Hatton, H.M. (1968) Habituation of heart rate response to repeated auditory stimulation during the first days of life. Child Development, 39, 35-52.

Clifton, R.K. & Meyers, W.J. (1969) The heart rate response of four month old infants to auditory stimuli. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 7, 122-135.

Clifton, C.E., Clifton, R.K., Meyers, W.J., & Miller, R. (1970) Cardiac responses to attended and ignored stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 18, 361-362.

Clifton, R.K. (1971) Development dimensions: Review of Reese and Lipsitt (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior, Volume 5. In Contemporary Psychology, 16, 507-508.

Clifton, R.K., Meyers, W.J., & Solomons, G. (1972) Methodological problems in conditioning the head turning response of newborn infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 13, 29-42.

Clifton, R.K., Siqueland, E., & Lipsitt, L. (1972) Conditioned head turning in human newborns as a function of conditioned response requirements and states of wakefulness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 13, 43-57.

Pomerleau-Malcuit, A., & Clifton, R.K. (1973) Neonatal heart rate response to tactile, auditory, and vestibular stimulation in different states. Child Development, 44, 485-496.

Clifton, R.K. (1974) Cardiac orienting and conditioning in infants. In P. A. Obrist, J. Brener, L. DiCara, & A. Black (Eds.), Cardiovascular psychophysiology:  Current issues in response to mechanisms, biofeedback, and methodology. Chicago: Aldine Press, pp. 479-504.

Clifton, R.K. (1974) Heart rate conditioning in the newborn infant. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18, 9-21.

Appleton, T., Clifton, R.K., & Goldberg, S. (1975) The development of behavioral competencies in infants.  In F. Horowitz, M. Hetherington, S. Scarr-Salapatek, & A. Siegel (Eds.), Review of child development research. Volume 4. University of Chicago Press, pp. 101-186.

Pomerleau-Malcuit, A., Malcuit, G., & Clifton, R.K. (1975) An attempt to elicit cardiac orienting and defense responses in the newborn to two types of facial stimulation.  Psychophysiology, 12, 527-535.

Gregg, C., Clifton, R.K., & Haith, M. (1976) A possible explanation for the frequent failure to find cardiac orienting in the newborn infant. Developmental Psychology, 12, 75-76.

Clifton, R.K. & Nelson, M.N. (1976) Developmental study of habituation in infants: The importance of paradigm, response system, and state of the organism. In T.J. Tighe & R.N. Leaton (Eds.), Habituation: Neurological, comparative, and developmental approaches. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Press, pp. 159-205.

Clifton, R.K. & Nelson, M.N. (1977) Arousal systems in infants: Habituation. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), International encyclopedia of neurology, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and psychology, Volume 2, pp. 123-127.

Nelson, M.N. & Clifton, R.K. (1977) Arousal systems in infants: Conditioning. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), International encyclopedia of neurology, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, and psychology, Volume 2, pp. 118-122.

Clifton, R.K. (1978) The effects of behavioral state and motor activity on infant heart rate. In A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Volume 11. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Press, pp. 64-97.

Nelson, M.N., Clifton, R.K., Dowd, J., & Field, T. (1978) Cardiac responding to auditory stimuli in newborn infants: Why pacifiers should not be used when heart rate is the major dependent variable. Infant Behavior and Development, 1, 277-290.

Field, T., Dempsey, J., Hatch, J., Ting, G., & Clifton, R. (1979) Cardiac and behavioral responses to repeated tactile and auditory stimulation by preterm and term neonates. Developmental Psychology, 15, 406-416.

Dowd, J., Clifton, R., Anderson, D., & Eichelman, W. (1980) Children perceive large-disparity random dot stereograms more rapidly than adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 29, 1-11.

Clifton, R.K., Morrongiello, B.A., Kulig, J., & Dowd, J.M. (1981) Developmental changes in auditory localization. In R. Aslin, J. Alberts, & M. Peterson (Eds.), The development of perception: Psychobiological perspectives. Volume 1. Audition, somatic perception and the chemical senses. New York: Academic Press, pp. 141-160.

Clifton, R.K., Morrongiello, B.A., Kulig, J., & Dowd, J. (1981) Newborns' orientation toward sound: Possible implications for cortical development. Child Development, 52, 833-838.

Morrongiello, B., Clifton, R., & Kulig, J. (1982) Newborn cardiac and behavioral orienting responses to sound under varying precedence-effect conditions. Infant Behavior and Development, 5, 249-259.

Clarkson, M., Morrongiello, B., & Clifton, R. (1982) Stimulus-presentation probability influences newborn head orientation to sound. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 55, 1239-1246.

Krafchuk, E., Tronick, E., & Clifton, R. (1983) Behavioral and cardiac responses to sound in preterm neonates varying in risk status and a hypothesis of their paradoxical reactivity. In T. M. Field & A. M. Sostek (Eds.), Infants born at risk: Physiological and perceptual processes. Grune & Stratton, pp. 99-128.

Morrongiello, B., Kulig, J., & Clifton, R. (1984) Developmental changes in auditory temporal perception. Child Development, 55, 461-471.

Robson, R., Morrongiello, B., Best, C., & Clifton, R. (1984) Trading relations in the perception of speech by five-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 231-250.

Clifton, R., Morrongiello, B., & Dowd, J. (1984) A developmental look at an auditory illusion: The precedence effect. Developmental Psychobiology, 17, 519-536.

Morrongiello, B. A. & Clifton, R. K. (1984) Effects of sound frequency on behavioral and cardiac orienting in newborn and five-month-old infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 427-446.

Clifton, R. K. (1985) The precedence effect: Its implications for developmental questions. In S. Trehub & B. Schneider (Eds.), Auditory development in infancy. NY: Plenum, pp. 85-99.

Clarkson, M. G., Clifton, R. K., & Morrongiello, B. A. (1985) The effects of sound duration on newborns' head orientation. J. of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 20-36.

Clarkson, M. G. & Clifton, R. K. (1985) Infant pitch perception: Evidence for responding to pitch categories and the missing fundamental. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 77, 1521-1528.

Muir, D. & Clifton, R. (1985) Infants' orientation to the location of sound sources. In G. Gottlieb & N. Krasnegor (Eds.) Measurement of audition and vision in the first year of postnatal life: A methodological overview. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, pp. 171-194.

Ashmead, D.H., Clifton, R.K., & Reese, E.P. (1986) Development of auditory localization in dogs: Single source and precedence effect sounds. Developmental Psychobiology, 19, 91-104.

Myers, N., Clifton, R., & Clarkson, M. (1987) When they were very young: Almost-threes remember two years ago, Infant Behavior & Development, 10, 123-132.

Ashmead, D. H., Clifton, R. K., & Perris, E. E. (1987) Precision of auditory localization in human infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 641-647.

Clifton, R. K. (1987) Breakdown of echo suppression in the precedence effect. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 82, 1834-1835.

Clifton, R., Gwiazda, J., Bauer, J., Clarkson, M., & Held, R. (1988) Growth in head size during infancy: Implications for sound localization. Developmental Psychology, 24, 477-483.

Clarkson, M. G., Clifton, R. K., & Perris, E. E. (1988) Infant timbre perception: Discrimination of frequency envelopes. Perception and Psychophysics, 43, 15-20.

Perris, E. E. & Clifton, R. K. (1988) Reaching in the dark toward sound as a measure of auditory localization in infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 11, 473-491.

Muir, D. W., Clifton, R. K., & Clarkson, M. G. (1989) The development of a human auditory localization response: A U-shaped function. Canadian Journal of Psychology., 43, 199-216.

Clifton, R. K. & Freyman, R. L. (1989) Effect of click rate and delay on breakdown of the precedence effect. Perception and Psychophysics, 46, 139-145.

Clarkson, M. G., Clifton, R. K., Swain, I.U., & Perris, E. E. (1989) Stimulus duration and repetition rate influence newborns' head orientation toward sound. Developmental Psychobiology, 22, 683-705.

Perris, E. E., Myers, N. A., & Clifton, R. K. (1990) Long-term memory for a single infancy experience. Child Development, 61, 1796-1807.

Clarkson, M. G. & Clifton, R. K. (1991) Acoustic determinants of newborn orienting. In M. J. S. Weiss & P. R. Zelazo (Eds.), Newborn attention: Biological constraints and the influence of experience.  Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Pp. 99-119.

Clifton, R. K., Perris, E., & Bullinger, A. (1991) Infants' perception of auditory space. Developmental Psychology, 27, 187-197.

Clifton, R. K., Rochat, P., Litovsky, R., & Perris, E. (1991) Object representation guides infants' reaching in the dark. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 323-329.

Clarkson, M. G., Swain, I., Clifton, R. K., & Cohen, K. (1991) Newborns' head orientation toward trains of brief sound. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 89, 2411-2420.

Freyman, R. L., Clifton, R. K., & Litovsky, R. Y. (1991) Dynamic processes in the precedence effect. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 90, 874-884.

Litovsky, R. Y. & Clifton, R. K. (1992) Use of sound pressure level in auditory distance discrimination. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 92, 794-802.

Clifton, R. K. (1992) The development of spatial hearing in human infants.  In L. A. Werner and E. W. Rubel (Eds.), Developmental psychoacoustics. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Pp. 135-157.

Clifton, R. K., Muir, D. W., Ashmead, D. H., & Clarkson, M. G. (1993)  Is visually guided reaching in early infancy a myth?  Child Development, 64, 1099-1110.

Swain, I.U., Zelazo, P. R., & Clifton, R. K. (1993) Newborn memory for speech sounds retained over 24 hours.  Developmental Psychology, 29, 312-323.

Clifton, R. K., Freyman, R. L., Litovsky, R. Y., & McCall, D. D. (1994)  Listeners' expectations about echoes can raise or lower echo threshold.  Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 95, 1525-1533.

Clifton, R., Rochat, P., Robin, D., & Berthier, N. (1994)  Multimodal perception  in human infants.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 20, 876-886.        

Shinn-Cunningham, B. G., Zurek, P. M., Durlach, N. I., & Clifton, R. K. (1995) Cross-frequency interactions in the precedence effect. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 98, 164-171.

Clarkson, M. G. & Clifton, R. K. (1995) Infants' pitch perception: Inharmonic tonal complexes. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 98, 1372-1379.

Berthier, N., Clifton, R., Gullipalli, V., McCall, D., & Robin, D. (1996) Visual information and object size in the control of reaching. Journal of Motor Behavior, 28, 187-197.

Robin, D., Berthier, N., & Clifton, R. (1996) Infants' predictive reaching for moving objects in the dark. Developmental Psychology, 32, 824-835.

Clifton, R. K. & Freyman, R. L.  (1997) The precedence effect: Beyond echo suppression. In Robert H. Gilkey & Timothy R. Anderson (Eds.), Binaural and spatial hearing in real and virtual environments, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. PP. 233-255.

Clifton, R. K. & Berman, P. W. (1997) Preface to Attention and orienting: Sensory  and motivational processes, P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. T. Balaban (Eds.),            Mahwah, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pp. ix-xiv.

Bertenthal, B. I. & Clifton, R. K. (1998) Perception and action. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) and   D. Kuhn, and R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.) Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 2,  Cognition, perception, and language,  5^th edition .  New York: Wiley.  Pp. 51-102.

Schilling, T. H. & Clifton, R. K. (1998) Nine-month-old infants learn about a physical event in a single session: Implications for infants= understanding of  physical phenomena.  Cognitive  Development, 13, 165-184.

Goubet, N. & Clifton, R. K. (1998) Object and event representation in 6 2 month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 34, 63-76.

McCall, D. D., Freyman, R. L., & Clifton, R. K. (1998) Sudden changes in spectrum of an echo cause a breakdown of the precedence effect.  Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 593-601.

Freyman, R. L., McCall, D. D., & Clifton, R. K. (1998) Intensity discrimination for precedence effect stimuli.  Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 103, 2031-2041.

McCarty, M. E., Clifton, R. K., & Collard, R. R. (1999) Problem solving in infancy: The emergence of an action plan.  Developmental Psychology, 35, 1091-1101.

Berthier, N., Clifton, R., McCall, D. D, & Robin, D. (1999) Proximodistal structure of early  reaching in human infants.  Experimental Brain Research, 127, 259-269.

McCall, D. M. & Clifton, R. K. (1999) Infants’ means-end search for hidden objects in the absence of visual feedback. Infant Behavior & Development., 22, 179-195.

Freyman, R. L., Helfer, K. S., McCall, D. M., & Clifton, R. K. (1999) The role of perceived spatial separation in the unmasking of speech.  Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 106, 3578-3588.

Clifton, R. K., Perris, E. E., & McCall, D. D. (1999) Does reaching in the dark for unseen objects reflect representation in infants?  Infant Behavior & Development, 22, 297-302.

Berthier, N. E., DeBlois, S., Poirier, C. R., Novak, M. A., & Clifton, R. K. (2000) Where=s the ball?  Two and three-year-olds reason about unseen events. Developmental Psychology, 36, 394-401.

McCarty, M. E., Clifton, R. K., & Collard, R. R. (2001) The beginnings of tool use by infants and toddlers.  Infancy, 2, 233-256.

Berthier, N. E., Bertenthal, B. I., Seaks, J. D., Sylvia, M. R., Johnson, R. L., & Clifton, R. K.  (2001) Using object knowledge in visual tracking and reaching. Infancy, 2, 257-284.

Clifton, R. K.  (2001) Ce que les bibis nous ont appris: un parcours de recherche. [Our changing image of the infant]. Enfance. (invited paper for special issue), 53, 5-34.

McCarty, M. E., Clifton, R. K., Ashmead, D. H., Lee, P., & Goubet, N. (2001) How infants use vision for grasping objects. Child Development, 72, 973-987.

Clifton, R. K. (2001) Lessons from infants: 1960-2000.  Infancy, 2, 285-309.  (Publication of Presidential address to International Society on Infant Studies, July, 2000).

Goubet, N., Clifton, R. K., & Shah, B. (2001) Learning about pain in premature newborns. Behavioral and Developmental Pediatrics, 22, 1-7.

Clifton, R. K., Freyman, R. L., & Meo, J.  (2002) What the precedence effect tells us about room acoustics.  Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 180-188.

Clifton, R. K. (2002) Learning about infants.  In D. Lewkowicz and R. Lickliter (Eds.). Conceptions of development: Lessons from the laboratory.  Psychology Press, pp. 135-163.

Butler, S. C., Berthier, N. E., & Clifton, R. K. (2002) Two-year-olds= search strategies and visual tracking in a hidden displacement task.  Developmental Psychology, 38, 581-590.

Keen, R., Carrico, R. L., Sylvia, M. R., & Berthier, N. E. (2003) How infants use perceptual information to guide action. Developmental Science, 6, 221-231.

Claxton, L., Keen, R., & McCarty, M.E.  (2003) Evidence of motor planning in infant reaching behavior.  Psychological Science, 14, 354-356.

Keen, R.  (2003) Representation of objects and events: Why do infants look so smart and toddlers look so dumb?  Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 79-83.

Reprinted in Current Directions in Developmental Psychology, edited by Jacqueline Lerner & Amy Alberts. Prentice-Hall, 2004.

Mash, C., Keen, R., & Berthier, N. E. (2003) Visual access and attention in two-year-olds’ event reasoning and object search.  Infancy, 4, 371-388.

Johnson-Frey, S., McCarty, M. E., & Keen, R.. (2004) Reaching beyond spatial perception: Effects of intended future actions on visually guide prehension. Visual Cognition, 11, 371-399.

Keen, R. (2005) Using perceptual representations to guide reaching and looking. In John Rieser, Jeffrey Lockman, & Charles. Nelson (Eds.)   Action as an organizer of learning and development:  Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Volume 33.  Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Pp. 301-322.

Keen, R. (in press) Where we’ve been, where we’re going: A view from the lab. In Looking back, looking forward: what we now know about newborn infants and their families and what we need to do next. Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute.

Keen, R. & Berthier, N.  (2004) Continuities and discontinuities in infants’ representation of objects and events. In R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 32. New York: Academic Press.   Pp. 243-279.            

McCarty, M. E., & Keen, R.  (2005) Facilitating problem-solving performance among 9- and 12-month-olds. Journal of Cognitive Development, 6, 209-230..

Kloos, H. & Keen, R. (2005) An exploration of toddlers' problems in a search task.  Infancy, 7, 7-34..

Mash, C., Novak, E., Berthier, N. & Keen, R. (2006) What do two-year-olds understand about hidden-object events? Developmental Psychology, 42, 263-271.  

 Berthier, N. & Keen, R. (2006) Development of reaching in infancy. Experimental Brain Research, 169, 507-518.

Shutts, K., Keen, R., & Spelke, E. (2006) Object boundaries influence toddlers' performance in a search task. Developmental Science, 9, 97-107.

Kloos, H., Haddad, J., & Keen, R. (2006) Use of visual cues during search in 24-month-olds: Evidence from point of gaze measures. Infant Behavior & Development, 29, 243-250.

Freyman, R. L. & Keen, R. (2006 Constraucting and disruptin listeners' models of auditory space. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 120, 3957-3965..

Haddad, J., Kloos, H., & Keen, R. (in press) Conflicting cues in a dynamic search task are reflected in children's eye movements and search errors, Developmental Science.

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