Phil 105: Practical Reasoning — Fall 2019
Study Guide for Exam 3
Exam 3 will be held during our final exam period, on Friday, December 13, 2019, from 1pm to 3pm in our regular room (LGRT 123).
It is not cumulative: it covers only unit 3. As usual, about 60% will be multiple choice, and the rest short answer.
You should be prepared to do all of the following.
- Understand the terms listed in the “key terms” box below, and employ them correctly and answer questions about them.
- Identify potential factors/concerns affecting the reliability of different kinds of evidence, and apply this knowledge to described situations.
- Understand the different possible explanations for a correlation, and suggest alternative explanations besides the most obvious cause-effect relationship.
- Identify issues and complications that can make statistical information, as well as graphs and diagrams representing statistics, potentially misleading or confusing.
- Suggest a number of hypotheses for explaining something or solving a problem, as well as suggest inquiries or experiments to test them.
- List criteria that can be used to evaluate a scientific hypothesis or theory, as well as those features that are shared by trustworthy scientific studies.
- Identify issues that can hinder open-minded thinking, and be able to make suggestions for improving it.
- Identify certain issues that can hinder or promote creative thinking, and be able to make suggestions for improving creative thinking in an imagined situation.
Key terms
abductive reasoning
accountability
actively open-minded thinking
base (of a percentage)
cognitive dissonance
contributing factor
correlation coefficient
covariation
creativity cycle
degree of confidence
dispersion
dissonance resolution
epistemology
evidence
experiment
explanation
groupthink
hypothesis
implicitly (speaker-)relative
incubation
indexical
knowledge (tripartite analysis)
margin of error
mean / median / mode
measurement
necessary condition
negative correlation
Occam's razor
one-sided thinking
open-mindedness
order principle
overriding evidence
perspective shift
positive correlation
random sample
range (statistical)
relativity (relative)
reliability (reliable)
S.C.A.M.P.E.R.
scientific law
scientific theory
standard deviation
subjective / objective
sufficient condition
testimony
two-sided thinking
undermining evidence
