Project 1: Writers and Writing in the Early 21st Century
For your first project, conduct a small exploratory study of a writer.
Your subject can be virtually anyone living and accessible to you: a
fellow graduate student, a friend, neighbor, family member, stranger;
it can be someone close by or far away, someone in school or out; it
can be a person of any age, any occupation, any educational level, any
linguistic background, any socio-economic status. Please be
careful with subjects who are vulnerable in any way: in most cases,
it’s not a good idea to do research on one of your own students while
he or she is enrolled in your class; and you should secure permission
from a parent to do any research on a child under 18.
Because this is a classroom exercise designed to teach research
methods, and because neither data nor findings will be disseminated
beyond our classroom, you won’t need formal IRB approval for this
project. Still, any research using human subjects should be
conducted with great ethical care. Always consider the position
you’re potentially or actually putting others in when you collect data
from or about them, whether it’s asking questions about their
experiences; collecting samples of their writing; observing their
behavior; or intervening or interacting with them in any other
way. Explain to your subject what you’re interested in and why,
give them the chance to make informed and voluntary choices about
whether and how they want to participate, give them ways to contact you
or me if they have questions later, be honest about who you’ll be
sharing the data with, and make every effort to protect their privacy.
There are many potential methods you can use in this project.
Here are a few:
- give your subject a brief writing task and ask him or her to
compose aloud under controlled conditions as you record the process
- ask your subject to choose a text he or she has already written
or is writing and conduct a discourse-based interview about it
- conduct an open-ended or semi-structured interview about some
aspect of your subject’s literacy experiences (e.g., memories of
reading and writing; experiences with high school English; role of
writing on the job)
- conduct an interview like that above but also ask your subject to
bring in samples of their writing and ask questions about them as well
- trace your subject’s “natural” writing of a particular text (have
him or her fill out a process log, relate the final text to initiating
or source text(s), track a drafting process, conduct discourse-based
interviews, etc.)
- record some of the talk surrounding your subject’s writing of a
text (from, e.g., a student-teacher conference or peer review session)
- observe a writer writing in some “natural” context (through
participant observation, shadowing, videotaping, etc.)
- some combination of methods above or some alternative not listed
here
Remember our time frame and restrict your data accordingly. Keep
tasks, observations, and interviews under one hour. Do not try to
transcribe recordings.
For February 10, write a 3-5 p. paper and prepare a brief, informal
oral presentation about your study. But think of these products
less as formal analyses of data and more as reflective reports or
narratives about your experiences with this project.
sources:
- Brandt, Deborah. “Remembering Writing, Remembering
Reading.” College Composition and Communication 45.4 (1994):
459-479.
- deMarrais, Kathleen. “Qualitative Interview Studies:
Learning Through Experience.” Foundations for Research: Methods
of Inquiry in Education and the Social Sciences. Kathleen
deMarrais & Stephen D. Lapan, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum, 2004. 51-68.
- Emig, Janet. “Introduction,” “Design of the Study,” &
“Lynn: Profile of a Twelfth-Grade Writer.” The Composing
Processes of Twelfth Graders. Urbana, IL: National Council of
Teachers of English, 1971. 1-5, 29-31, 45-73.
- Herrington, Anne J., & Marcia Curtis. “Shaping the
Study” and “Appendix A: Interviewing and Other Details of the
Study.” Persons in Process: Four Stories of Writing and Personal
Development in College. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2000. 1-53,
399-407.
- Kramp, Mary Kay. “Exploring Life and Experience Through
Narrative Inquiry.” Foundations for Research: Methods of Inquiry
in Education and the Social Sciences. Kathleen deMarrais &
Stephen D. Lapan, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
103-122.
- MacNealy, Mary Sue. “Case Study Research.” Strategies
for Empirical Research in Writing. New York: Longman, 1999.
195-213.
- Mortensen, Peter. “Analyzing Talk about Writing.”
Methods and Methodology in Composition Research. Gesa Kirsch
& Patricia A. Sullivan, eds. Carbondale, IL: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1992. 105-129..
- Odell, Lee, Dixie Goswami, & Anne Herrington. “The
Discourse-Based Interview: A Procedure for Exploring the Tacit
Knowledge of Writers in Nonacademic Settings.” Research on
Writing: Principles and Methods. P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor, & S.
Walmsley, eds. New York: Longman, 1983. 221-236.
- Prior, Paul. “Tracing Process: How Texts Come Into
Being.” What Writing Does and How It Does It: An Introduction to
Analyzing Texts and Textual Practices. Charles Bazerman &
Paul Prior, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
167-200.
- Sternglass, Marilyn. Appendix A. Time to Know Them: A
Longitudinal Study of Writing and Learning at the College Level.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.
- Swarts, Heidi, Linda S. Flower, & John R. Hayes.
“Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An
Introduction. New Directions in Composition Research.
Richard Beach and Lillian Bridwell. New York: Guilford,
1984. 53-71.