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©1666 John Eliot. Indian Grammar BegunŖ
[Pilling 173b]

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THE
INDIAN
Grammar
BEGUN: OR,
An Essay to bring the Indian Language
INTO
RULES,

For the Help of such as desire to Learn the same, for
the furtherance of the Gospel among them.

BY JOHN ELIOT.

Isa.33.19. Thou shalt not see a fierce people, a people of a deeper speech then
thou canst perceive, of a stammering tongue, that thou canst not understand.

Isa.66.18. It shall come that I will gather all Nations and Tongues, and they
shall come and see my Glory.

Dan.7.14. And there was given him Dominion, and Glory and a Kingdome,
that all People, Nations and Languages should serve him, &c.

Psal.19.3. There is no speech nor language where their voice is not heard.

Mal.3.11. From the rising of the Sun, even to the going down of the same, my
Name shall be great among the Gentiles, &c.

CAMBRIDGE:

Printed by Marmaduke Johnson.

1666.


<i> <A 2>

To the Right Honourable,
ROBERT BOYLE Esq;
GOVERNOUR:

With the rest of the Right Honourable and Christian
CORPORATION
For the Propagation of the GOSPEL unto
the INDIANS in New England.

NOBLE SIR,

YOu were pleased, among other Testimonies
of your Christian and prudent
care for the effectual Progress
of this great Work of the Lord Jesus among
the Inhabitants of these Ends of the Earth,
and goings down of the Sun, to Command
me (for such an aspect have your so wise and
seasonable Motions, to my heart) to Compile
a Grammar of this Language, for the help
of others who have an heart to study and learn
<ii>
the same, for the sake of Christ, and of the
poor Souls of these Ruines of Mankinde,
among whom the Lord is now about a Resurrection-work,
to call them into his holy Kingdome.
I have made an Essay unto this difficult
Service, and laid together some Bones
and Ribs preparatory at least for such a work.
It is not worthy the Name of a Grammar,
but such as it is, I humbly present it to your
Honours, and request your Animadversions
upon the Work, and Prayers unto the Lord
for blessing upon all Essayes and Endeavours
for the promoting of his Glory, and the Salvation
of the Souls of these poor People.
Thus humbly commending your Honours unto
the blessing of Heaven and to the guidance
of the Word of God, which is able to save
your Souls, I remain

Your Honours Servant in the Service
of our Lord Jesus,
JOHN ELIOT.

<1> <A 3>

THE
INDIAN GRAMMAR
BEGVN.

GRAMMAR is the Art or Rule of speaking.

There be two parts of Grammar:
1. The Art of making words.
2. The Art ordering words for speech.

The art of making     } 1. By various articulate sounds.
words, is             } 2. By regular composing of them.

                                    { Syllables.
Articulate sounds are composed into {
                                    { Words.
The various articulate sounds must be distinguished
                                    { Names.
                                 By {
                                    { Characters.
These Names and Characters do make the Alpha-bet.

Because the English Language is the first, and most attainable
Language which the Indians learn, he is a learned man among them,
who can Speak, Reade and Write the English Tongue.

I therefore use the same Characters which are of most common
use in our English Books; viz. the Roman and Italick Letters.

Also our Alpha-bet is the same with the English, saving in these
few things following.

1. The difficulty of the Rule about the Letter [|c|], by reason of
the change of its sound in the five sounds, |ca| |ce| |ci| |co| |cu|; being
sufficiently helped by the Letters [|k| and |s|.]: We therefore
<2>
lay by the Letter [c], saving in [|ch|]; of which there is frequent
use in the Language. Yet I do not put it out of the Alpha-bet, for
the use of it in other Languages, but the character [|ch|] next
to it, and call it [|chee|].

2. I put [|i|] Consonant into our Alpha-bet, and give it this
Character [|j|], and call it |ji| or [|gi|], as this Syllable soundeth
in the English word [{giant}]; and I place it next after [|i| vocal].
And I have done thus, because it is a regular sound in the third person
singular in the Imperative Mode of Verbs, which cannot well
be distinguished without it: though I have sometimes used [|gh|] in
stead of it, but it is harder and more inconvenient. The proper
sound of it is, as the English word [{age}] soundeth. See it used
Genes.1.3,6,9,11.

3. We give (|v|) Consonant a distinct name, by putting
together (|£| |f|) or (|uph|), and we never use it, save when
it soundeth as it doth in the word ({save}, {have}), and place
it next after (|u| vocal.) Both these Letters (|u| Vocal,
and |v| Consonant) are together in their proper sounds in
the Latine word ({uva} a Vine.)

4. We call |w| (|wee|), because our name giveth no hint
of the power of its sound.

These Consonants (|l|. |n|. |r|.) have such a natural coincidence, that
it is an eminent variation of their dialects.

We Massachusetts pronounce the |n|. The Nipmuk Indians pronounce
|l|. And the Northern Indians pronounce |r|. As
instance:

We say    |An£m|   (|um| produced)  }
Nipmuk,   |Al£m|                    }      A Dog.
Northern, |Ar£m|                    }        So in most words.

Our Vocals are five: |a| |e| |i| |o| |u|. Dipthongs, or double
sounds, are many, and of much use.

|ai| |au| |ei| |ee| |eu| |eau| |oo| |ģ|.

Especially we have more frequent use of [|o| and |ģ|] then other Languages have: and our [|ģ|] doth alwayes sound as it doth in
these English words ({moody}, {book}.)

<3>

We use onely two Accents, and but sometime. The Acute (|'|)
to show which Syllable is first produced in pronouncing of the word;
which if it be not attended, no Nation can understand their own
Language: as appeareth by the witty Conceit of the Tytere tu's.

|¢| produced with the accent, is a rcgular distinction betwixt the
first and second persons plural of the Suppositive Mode; as

{ |Naumog|, {If we see}: (as in {Log}.)
{ |Naum¢g|, {If ye see}: (as in {Vogue}.)

The other Accent is (|^|), which I call Nasal; and it is used onely
upon (|“|) when it is sounded in the Nose, as oft it is; or upon (|ƒ|)
for the like cause.

This is a general Rule, When two (|o| |o|) come together, ordinarily
the first is produced; and so when two (|ģ|) are together.

All the Articulate sounds and Syllables that ever I heard (with
observation) in their Language, are sufficiently comprehended and
ordered by our Alpha-bet, and the Rules here set down.

Character.     Name.                         Character.     Name.
    a                                         n            en
    b          bee                            o
    c          see                            P            pee
    ch         chee                           q            ke£h
    d          dee                            r            ar
    e                                         ō s          es
    f          ef                             t            tee
    g          gee as in geese                u
    h                                         v            vf
    i                                         w            wee
    j          ji as in giant                 x            ex
    k          ka                             y            wy
    l          el                             z            zad
    m          em

Here be 27 Characters: The reason of increasing the number is
above.

And I have been thus far bold with the Alpha-bet, because it is the
first time of writing this Language, and it is better to settle our
Foundation right at first, then to have it to mend afterwards.

<4>

Musical sounds they also have, and perfect Harmony, but they
differ from us in sound.

There be four several sorts of Sounds or Tones uttered by
Mankinde.

1. Articulation in Speech.
2. Laughter.
3. L‘tation and Joy: of which kinde of sounds our Musick
     and Song is made.
4. Vlulation, Howling, Yelling, or Mourning: and of that
     kinde of sound is their Musick and Song made.

In which kinde of sound they also hallow and call, when they are
most vociferous.

And that it is thus, it may be perceived by this, that their
Language is so full of (|ģ|) and |“| Nasal.

They have Harmony and Tunes which they sing, but the matter
is not in Meeter.

They are much pleased to have their Language and Words in
Meeter and Rithme, as it now is in The singing Psalms in some
poor measure, enough to begin and break the ice withall: These
they sing in our Musicall Tone.

So much for the Sounds and Characters.

Now follows the Consideration of Syllables, and
the Art of Spelling.

THe formation of Syllables in their Language, doth in nothing
differ from the formation of Syllables in the English, and other
Languages.

When I taught our Indians first to lay out a Word into Syllables,
and then according to the sound of every Syllable to make it up with
the right Letters, viz. if it were a simple sound, then one Vocall
made the Syllable; if it were such a sound as required some of the
Consonants to make it up, then the adding of the right Consonants
either before the Vocall, or after it, or both. They quickly apprehended
and understood this Epitomie of the Art of Spelling, and
could soon learn to Reade.

<5> <B>

The Men, Women, and up-grown Youth do thus rationally learn
to Reade: but the Children learn by rote and custome, as other
Children do.

Such as desire to learn this Language, must be attentive to pronounce
right, especially to produce that Syllable that is first to be
produced; then they must Spell by Art, and accustome their tongues
to pronounce their Syllables and Words; then learn to reade such
Books as are Printed in their Language. Legendo, Scribendo, Loquendo,
are the three means to learn a Language.

So much for the Rule of Making Words.

Now follows the Ordering of them for Speech.

THE several sorts of words are called Parts of Speech, which
are in number Seven.

            1. The Pronoun.
2. The Noun.      3. The Adnoun, or Adjective.
4. The Verb.      5. The Adverb.
            6. The Conjunction.
            7. The Interjection.

Touching these several kindes of Words, we are to consider,

1. The formation of them asunder by themselves.
2. The construction of them, or the laying them together,
   to make Sense, or a Sentence.

And thus far Grammar goeth in concatenation with Logick: for
there is a Reason of Grammar. The laying of Sentences together to
make up a Speech, is performed by Logick: The adorning of that
Speech with Eloquence, is performed by Rhetorick. Such a use and
accord there is in these generall Arts.

In the formation of words asunder by themselves,

         { 1. The general Qualifications or Affections
Consider {    of words.
         { 2. The Kindes of Words.

<6>

                       { 1. In respect of their Rise whence they
The Qualifications are {     spring.
                       { 2. In respect of their Consorts, how
                       {     they are yoked.

                          { 1. Original words: su‘ originis.
In respect of their Rise  { 2. Ort words sprung out of other:
              some are    {          { Nominals: or Verbs made
                          { Chiefly  {  out of Nouns.
                                     { Verbals: or Nouns made
                                     {  out of Verbs.

In respect of Consorts, { Simple words: one alone.
              some are  { Compounded words: when two or more
                        {   are made into one.

This Language doth greatly delight in Compounding of words,
for Abbreviation, to speak much in few words, though they be
sometimes long; which is chiefly caused by the many Syllables which
the Grammar Rule requires, and suppletive Syllables which are of
no signification, and curious care of Euphonie.

So much for the common Affection of words.

Now follow the severall Kindes of words.

                      { 1. Chief leading words; { Nouns.
THere be two kindes:  {                         { Verbs.
                      { 2. Such as attend upon, and belong unto
                           the chief leading words.

                   { 1. Such as are proper    { Adnouns.
Attendants on the  {          to each; as     { Adverbs.
    Chief, are     { 2. Such as are of common { Pronouns.
                   {          use to both; as { Conjunctions

<7> <B 2>

Independent Passions or Interjections come under no Series or Order,
but are of use in Speech, to express the passionate minde of
man.

Touching the principal parts of Speech, this may be said in general,
That Nouns are the names of Things, and Verbs are the
names of Actions; and therefore their proper Attendants are answerable.
Adnouns are the qualities of Things, and Adverbs are
the qualities of Actions.

And hence is that wise Saying, That a Christian must be adorned
with as many Adverbs as Adjectives: He must as well do good, as be
good. When a man's virtuous Actions are well adorned with Adverbs,
every one will conclude that the man is well adorned with
virtuous Adjectives.

1. Of the Pronoun.

BEcause of the common and general use of the Pronoun to be
affixed unto both Nouns, Verbs, and other parts of Speech,
and that in the formation of them; therefore that is the first Part
of Speech to be handled.

I shall give no other description of them but this, They are
such words as do express all the persons, both singular and plural: as

         { |Neen| {I}.            }         { |Neenawun| or |kenawun|, {We}.
Singular { |Ken|  {Thou}          }  Plural { |Kenaau| {Ye}.
         { |Noh| or |nagum| {He}. }         { |Nahoh| or |nagoh|, {They}.

There be also other Pronouns of frequent use:

As the Interrogative of persons; sing. |Howan|. pl. |Howanig|, {Who},

The Interrogative of things;   { sing. |Uttiyeu|, or |tanyeu|.
                               { pl.  |Uttiyeush|, {Which}.

                             { sing. |Yeuoh|, {This or that man}. |Noh|.
                {of persons: { pl. |Yeug|, {These men}. |Nag| or
                {            {    |neg|, {They}.
Demonstratives  {
                {            { |Yeu| {This}. |Ne| {This}.
                { of things: {
                             { |Yeush| {These}. |Nish| {These}.

<8>

Distributives; as { |Nawhutche|, {some}. { |Tohsuog?|  } {How many?}
                  { |Monaog|, {many}.    { |Tohsunash| }

But because these are not of use in affixing to other Parts of
Speech, they may as well be reckoned among Adnouns, as some
do; though there is another Schesis upon them, and they attend
upon Verbs as well as Nouns.

The first and second persons are of most use in affixing both of
Nouns and Verbs, and other Parts of Speech.

The third person singular is affixed with such Syllables as these,
|Wut|. |wun|. |um|. |ģ|. &c. having respect to Euphonie: And sometime
the third person, especially of Verbs, hath no affix.

These Pronouns, (|Neen| and |Ken|) when they are affixed, they
are contracted into |Ne| and |Ke|, and varied in the Vocal or Vowel according
to Euphonie, with the word it is affixed unto; as |Nģ|,
|Kģ|, &c.

If the word unto which it is affixed begin with a Vocal, then a
Consonant of a fitting sound is interposed, to couple the word and
his affix with an Euphonie: as |Nut|. |kut|. |num|. |kum|, &c.

I give not Examples of these Rules, because they will be so obvious
anon, when you see Nouns and Verbs affixed.

2. Of a Noun.

A Noun is a Part of Speech which signifieth a thing; or it is the
name of a thing.

The variation of Nouns is not by Male and Female, as in other
Learned Languages, and in European Nations they do.

Nor are they varied by Cases, Cadencies, and Endings: herein
they are more like to the Hebrew.

Yet there seemeth to be one Cadency or Case of the first Declination,
of the form Animate, which endeth in |oh|, |uh|, or |ah|; viz.
when an animate Noun followeth a Verb transitive, whose object
that he acteth upon is without himself. For Example: Gen.1.16.
the last word is |anogqsog|, {stars}. It is an Erratum: it should be
|anogqsoh|; because it followeth the Verb |ayim|, {He made}. Though
<9> <B 3>
it be an Erratum in the Press, it is the fitter in some respects for an
Example.

In Nouns, consider { 1. Genera, or kindes of Nouns.
                   { 2. The qualities or affections thereof.

The kindes of Nouns are two; according to which there be two
Declensions of Nouns, for the variation of the number.

Numbers are two: Singular and Plural.

The first kinde of Nouns is, when the thing signified is a living
Creature.

The second kinde is, when the thing signified is not a living Creature.

Therefore I order them thus:

There be two forms or declensions of Nouns: { Animate.
                                            { Inanimate.

The Animate form or declension is, when the thing signified is a
living Creature: and such Nouns do alwayes make their Plural
in (|og|); as, |Wosketomp|, {Man}. |Wosketompaog|. (|a|) is but for
Euphonie.
               |Mittamwossis|, {A Woman}. |Mittamwossissog|.
               |Nunkomp|, {A young Man}. |Nunkompaog|.
               |Nunksqau|, {A Girl}. |Nunksqauog|.
               |Englishman|. |Englishmanog|.
               |Englishwoman|. |Englishwomanog|.
            So |Manit|, {God}. |Manittoog|.
               |Mattannit|, {The Devil}. |Mattannittoog|.
            So |Ox|, |Oxesog|. |Horse|, |Horsesog|.

The Stars they put in this form.
               |Anogqs|, {A Star}. |Anogqsog|.
               |Muhhog|, {The Body}. |Muhhogkģog|.
               |Psukses|, {A little Bird}. |Psuksesog|.
               |Ahtuk|, {A Deer}. |Ahtuhquog|.
               |Mukquoshim|, {A Wolf}. |Mukquoshimwog|.
               |Mosq|, {A Bear}. |Mosquog|.
               |Tummunk|, {The Beaver}. |Tummunkquaog|.
               |Puppinashim|, {A Beast}. |Puppinashimwog|.
               |Askģk|, {A Snake} or {Worm}. |Askģkquog|.
               |Namohs|, {A Fish}. |Namohsog|. &c.

Some few exceptions I know.

<10>

2. The Inanimate form or declension of Nouns, is when the thing
signified is not a living Creature: and these make the Plural in |ash|; as
               |Hussun|, { A Stone}. |Hussunash|.
               |Qussuk|, { A Rock}. |Qussukquanash|.

Of this form are all Vegitables:
               |Mehtug|, {A Tree}. |Mehtugquash|.
               |Moskeht|, {Grass}. |Moskehtuash|.

And of this form are all the parts of the Body: as
               |Muskesuk|, {The Eye} or {Face}. |Muskesukquash|.
               |Mehtauog|, {An Ear}. |Mehtauogwash|.
               |Meepit|, {A Tooth}. |Meepitash|.
               |Meenan|, {The Tongue}. |Meenanash|.
               |Mussissittģn|, {A Lip}. |Mussissittģnash|.
               |Muttģn|, {A Mouth}. |Muttģnash|.
               |Menutcheg|, {A Hand}. |Menutchegash|.
               |Muhpit|, {An Arm}. |Muhpittenash|.
               |Muhkont|, {A Leg}. |Muhkontash|.
               |Musseet|, {The Foot}. |Musseetash|.

Of this form are all Virtues, and all Vices: as
|Waantamoonk|, {Wisdome}. |Waantamģongash|, or |onganash|.

All Verbals are of this form, which end in |onk|, and make their
Plural in |ongash|, or in |onganash|.

All Virtues and Vices (so far as at present I discern) are Verbals,
from their activity and readiness to turn into Verbs.

All Tools and Instruments of Labour, Hunting, Fishing, Fowling,
are of this form. All Apparel, Housing: All Fruits, Rivers, Waters,
&c.

So much for the kindes of Nounes.

The common Affections or Qualifications are two:
{ 1. The affixing of the Noun with the Pronoun.
{ 2. The ranging them into several Ranks.

<11>

1. The way of affixing of Nouns, is the putting or using of the
Noun in all the three persons, Singular and Plural.

This manner of speech being a new thing to us that know the European
or Western Languages, it must be demonstrated to us by
Examples.

|Metah| {the Heart}.

Sing.
{ |Nuttah|, {my heart}.  }
{ |Kuttah|, {thy heart}. }
{ |Wuttah|, {his heart}. }

Pl.
{ |Nuttahhun|, {our heart}.
{ |Kuttahhou|, {your heart}.
{ |Wuttahhou|, {their heart}.

|Menutcheg|, {A Hand}.

|Sing.
{ |Nunnutcheg|, {my hand}.
{ |Kenutcheg, {thy hand}.
{ |Wunnutcheg|, {his hand}.

Pl.
{ |Nunnutcheganun|, {our hand}.
{ |Kenutcheganģ|, {your hand}.
{ |Wunnutcheganģ|, {their hand}.

Sing.
{ |Nunnutcheganash|, {my hands}.
{ |Kenutchegash|, or |kenutcheganash|, {thy hands}.
{ |Wunnutchegash|, or |wunnutcheganash|, {his hands}.

Plu.
{ |Nunnutcheganunnonut|, {our hands}.
{ |Kenutcheganģwout|, {your hands}.
{ |Wunnutcheganģwout|, {their hands}.

|W‚tu|, {A House}.

Sing.
{ |Neek| {my house},
{ |Keek|, {thy house}.
{ |Week|, {his house}.

Pl.
{ |Neekun|, {our house}.
{ |Keekou|, {your house}.
{ |Weekou|, {their house}.

|ut|, {in}.

Sing.
{ |Neekit|, {in my house}.
{ |Keekit|, {in thy house}.
{ |Weekit|, {in his house}.

pl.
{ |Neekunonut|, {in our house},
{ |Keekuwout|,  {in your house}.
{ |Weekuwout|, or |wekuwomut|, {in his house}.

Hence we corrupt this word {Wigwam}.

So much may at present suffice for the affixing of Nouns.

<12>

Now for the ranging them into ranks.

                               { The Primitive.
There be three Ranks of Nouns; { The Diminutive.
                               { The Possessive.
The same Noun may be used in all these Ranks.

The primitive Rank expresses the thing as it is: a |Nunkomp|,
{a Youth}. |Nunksqua|, {a Girl}. |Ox|. |Sheep|. |Horse|. |Pig|. So |Hassun|,
{a stone}. |Mehtug|, {a tree}. |Moskeht|, {grass} or {herb}.

2. The diminutive Rank of Nouns doth lessen the thing, and expresses
it to be a little one; and it is formed by adding, with a due
Euphonie (|es|) or (|emes|) unto the primitive Noun. For example,
I shall use the same Nouns named in the first Rank, here in the
second Rank: as |Nunkompaes| or |emes|. |Nunksquaes| or |emes|.
|Oxemes|. |Sheepsemes|. |Horsemes|. |Pigsemes|. |Hassunemes|. |Mehtugques|,
or |Mehtugquemes|. |Moskehtuemes|.

And so far as I perceive, these two endings (|es| and (|emes|) are
degrees of diminution: (|emes|) is the least.

3. The possessive Rank of Nouns, is when the person doth challenge
an interest in the thing. Hence, as the other Ranks may be
affixed, this must be affixed with the Pronoun.

And it is made by adding the Syllable (|eum| or |ģm|, or |um|) according
to Euphonie, unto the affixed Noun. For Example:
|Num-Manittģm|, {my God}. |Nuttineneum|, {my man}. |Nunnunkompģm|.
|Nunnunksquaeum|. |Nutoxineum|. |Nussheepseum|. |Nuthorsesum|.
|Nuppigsum|. |Nuthassunneum|. |Nummehtugkģm|.
|Nummoskehteum|. |Nummoskehteumash|.

Both the primitive Noun, and the diminutive Noun, may be used
in the form possessive; as |Nutsheepsemeseum|, and the like.

Nouns may be turned into Verbs two wayes:

1. By turning the Noun into the Verb-substantive form: as
|Wosketompoģ| {He became a man}. Of this see more in the Verb
Substantive.

<13> <C>

2. All Nouns that end in |onk|, as they come from Verbs by adding
(|onk|), so they will turn back again into Verbs, by taking away (|onk|)
and forming the word according to the Rule of Verbs; as

|Waantamoonk| is {Wisdome}: take away |onk|, and then it may be
formed |Nģwaantam|, {I am wise}. |Kģwaantam|, {Thou wise}, &c.
       |Waantam|, {He wise}, &c.

3. Of Adnouns.

AN Adnoun is a part of Speech that attendeth upon a Noun, and
signifieth the Qualification thereof.

The Adnoun is capable of both the Animate and Inanimate forms;
and it agreeth with his leading Noun, in form, number, and person.

For example: Rev. 4.4 there is |Neesneechagkodtash nabo
yau appuongash| {Twenty four Thrones}. And |Neesneechagkodtog
yauog Eldersog|, {Twenty four Elders.} Here be two Nouns of the
two several forms, Animate and Inanimate; and the same Adnoun
is made to agree with them both.

The Inanimate form of Adnouns end some in |i|, and some in |e|.

The Animate form in |es|, or |esu|: and those are turned into
Verbs, by taking the affix. As

|Wompi|, {White}. |Wompiyeuash|.
|Mģi|, {Black}. |Mģeseuash|.
|Menuhki|, {Strong}. |Menuhkiyeuash|.
|Nģchumwi|, {Weak}. |Nģchumwiyeuash|.

The same words in the Animate form:

|Wompesu|. |Wompesuog|.
|Mģesu|. |Mģesuog|.
|Menuhkesu|. |Menuhkesuog|.
|Nģchumwesu|. |Nģchumwesuog|.

Put the affix to these, and they are Verbs.

<14>

NVmerals belong unto Adnouns, and in them there is something
remarkable.

From the Number 5 and upward, they adde a word suppletive,
which signifieth nothing, but receiveth the Grammatical variation
of the Declension, according to the things numbered, Animate or
Inanimate. The Additional is (|tohs£|) or (|tahsh‚|), which is varied
(|tohs£og|, |tohs£ash|, or |tohshinash|.)

For Example:

1. |Nequt|.
2. |Neese|.
3  |Nish|.
4  |Yau|.
5  |Napanna tahshe| { |tohsuog|.
                    { |tohsuash|.
6  |Nequtta tahshe|.
7  |Nesausuk tahshe|.
8  |Shwosuk tahshe|.
9  |Paskoogun tahshe|.
10 |Piuk|. |Piukqussuog|, |Piukqussuash|.

Then from 10 to 20 they adde afore the Numeral (|nab| or |nabo|)
and then it is not needful to adde the following additional, though
sometimes they do it.

As for Example:

11  |Nabo nequt|.
12  |Nabo neese|.
13  |Nabo nish|.
14  |Nabo yau|.
15  |Nabo napanna|.
16  |Nabo nequtta|.
17  |Nabo nesausuk|.
18  |Nabo shwosuk|.
19  |Nabo paskoogun|.
20  |Neesneechag| { |kodtog|.
                  { |kodtash|.

Then upwards they adde to |Neesneechag|, the single Numbers
to 30, &c.

30  |Nishwinchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
40  |Yauunchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
50  |Napannatahshinchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
60  |Nequtta tahshinchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
70  |Nesausuk tahshinchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
<15> <C 2>
80  |Shwosuk tahshinchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
90  |Paskoogun tahshinchag| |kodtog|, |kodtash|.
100 |Nequt pasuk kģog|, |kģash|.
1000 |Nequt muttannonganog| { |kodtog|  } or { |kussuog|.
                            { |kodtash|. }   { |kussuash|.

The Adnoun is frequently compounded with the Noun, and then
usually they are contracted: as

|Womposketomp|, {A white man}.
|Mģosketomp|, {A black man}.
|Menuhkoshketomp|, {A strong man}.
|Menuhkekont|, {A strong leg}. |Qunuhtug|, of |qunni|, {long}.
|Mehtug|, {Wood} or {Tree}. And this word is used for {a Pike}.

When the Noun becometh a Verb, then the Adnoun becometh an
Adverb.

There is no form of {comparison} that I can yet finde, but degrees
are expressed by a word signifying {more}: as |Anue menuhkesu|,
{More strong}: And |Nano|, {More and more}. |Mģcheke|,
{Much}. |Peesik| or |Peasik|, {Small}.

4. Of the Verb.

A Verb is when the thing signified is an Action.

There be two sorts of Verbs. The Verb { Substantive.
                                      { Active.

The Verb Substantive, is when any thing hath the signification
of the Verb Substantive added to it: as ({am, art, is, are, was,
were}) &c. Actuall being is above the nature of a Noun, and beneath
the nature of a Verb Active.

We have no compleat distinct word for the Verb Substantive, as
other Learned Languages, and our English Tongue have, but it is
under a regular composition, whereby many words are made Verb
Substantive.

<16>

All may be referred to three sorts, so far as yet I see.

1. The first sort of Verb Substantives is made by adding any of
these Terminations to the word, |yeuģ|, |aģ|, |oģ|; with due Euphonie:
And this is so, be the word a Noun; as |Wosketompoģ|,
{He is a man}: Or Adnoun; as |Wompiyeuģ|, {It is white}: Or be
the word an Adverb, or the like; as James 5.12. |Mattayeuģutch|,
{Let it be nay}: |Nuxyeuģutch|, {Let it be yea}. The words in the Text
are spelled with respect to pronunciation, more then to Grammaticall
composition: here I spell them with respect to Grammaticall composition.
See more Examples of this, Exod.4.3,4,6,7.

2. The second sort of Verb Substantives is when the animate Adnoun
is made the third person of the Verb, and so formed as a Verb:
as |Wompesu|, {White}: |Menuhkesu|, {Strong}; may be formed as a
Verb: |Nģwompes|, |Kģwompes|, |Wompesu|. And so the like
words.

And of this sort are all Adnouns of Vertue or Vice: as
|Waantam|, {Wise}: |Assģtu|, {Foolish}, &c.

Whatever is affirmed to be, or denied to be, or if it be asked if it
be, or expressed to be made to be; All such words may be Verb
Substantives. I say, may be, because there be other wayes in the
Language to express such a sense by. But it may be thus.

3. The third sort, are Verb Substantive passive, when the Verb
Substantive ({am}, {is}, {was}, &c.) is so annexed to a Verb Active,
that the person affixed is the object of the act; as |Nģwadchanit|,
{I am kept}.

So much for the Verb Substantive.

Now followeth the Verb Active.

A Verb Active is when the word signifieth a compleat action, or
a causall power exerted.

Verbs inceptives, or inchoatives, I finde not; such a notion is expressed
by another word added to the Verb, which signifieth {to begin},
or {to be about to do it}.

Also when the Action is doubled, or frequented, &c. this notion
<17> <C 3>
hath not a distinct form, but is expressed by doubling the first Syllable
of the word: as |Mohmoeog|, {they oft met}; |Sasabbath-dayeu|,
{every Sabbath}.

There be two sorts or forms of Verbs Active:
{ 1. The Simple form.
{ 2. The Suffix form.

The Simple form of the Verb Active, is when the act is conversant
about a Noun inanimate onely: as

|Nģwadchanumun neek|, {I keep my house}.

And this Verb may take the form of an Adnoun: as
|Nģwadchanumunash nģw‚atchimineash|, {I keep my corn}.

Or every person of this Verb, at least in the Indicative Mode,
will admit the plural Number of the Noun inanimate.

The Suffix form of the Verb Active, is when the act is conversant
about animate Nouns onely; or about both animate and inanimate
also: as

|Kģwadchansh|, {I keep thee}.
|Kģwadchanumoush|, {I keep it for thee}.

There be five Concordances of the Suffix form Active, wherein
the Verb doth receive a various formation. I think there be some
more, but I have beat out no more.

The reason why I call them Concordances, is, Because the chief
weight and strength of the Syntaxis of this Language, lyeth in this
eminent manner of formation of Nouns and Verbs, with the Pronoun
persons.

1. The first Concordance is, when the object of the act is an animate
Noun. I call it, The Suffix animate object: as

|Kģwadchansh|, {I keep thee}.

2. The Suffix animate mutual: when animates are each others
object: as

|Nģwadchanittimun|, {We keep each other}.  This form
ever wanteth the singular Number.

3. The Suffix animate end, and inanimate object: as

|Kģwadchanumoush|, {I keep it for thee}; or, {for thy use}.

<18>

4. The Suffix animate form social: as

|Kģweechewadchanumwomsh|, {I keep it with thee}.

5. The Suffix form advocate, or in stead form, when one acteth
in the room or stead of another: as

|Kģwadchanumwanshun|, {I keep it for thee}; {I act in thy stead}.

This form is of great use in Theologie, to express what Christ
hath done for us: as

|Nunnuppģwonuk|, {He died for me}.
|Kenuppģwonuk|, {He died for thee}.
|Kenuppģwonukqun|, {He died for us}.
|Kenuppģwonukģ|, {He died for you}. &c.

All these forenamed forms of Verbs, both Verb Substantives, and
Verbs Active, both Simple and Suffix, may be varied under three
distinct forms of variation; viz.

{ Affirmative: when the act is affirmed.
{ Negative: when the act is denied.
{ Interrogative: when the act is question'd.

Again, many of these forms may also be varied in a form causative,
in all cases where the efficient is capable to be compelled, or
caused to act.

All these will be more conspicuous in the Paradigms, or Examples.

To make compleat work, I should set down many examples.

But I shall (at present) set down onely two Examples: One of
the Simple form Active, which may generally serve for all the
Verb Substantives.

The second Example of the Suffix animate form, which may
generally serve for all the Concordances of Verbs suffixed. Even as
the Meridian of Boston may generally serve for all New-England:
And the Meridian of London may generally serve for all England.

And these will be enough to busie the heads of Learners for a
while.

<19>

Note this, That all Verbs cannot be formed through all these
forms, but such Verbs as in reason of Speech are useable all these
wayes, which sundry Verbs are not; as, {I sleep, eat, piss}, &c.

Before I come to the Paradigms, there be other general Considerations
about Verbs.

In Verbs consider { 1. Divers Modes of the action.
                  { 2. Divers Times of the action.

First, The Modes of actions in this language are five.

1. The Indicative, Demonstrative, or Interrogative Mode, which
doth fully assert the action, or deny it, or enquire if it be asserted:

   { |Nģwadchanumun|, {I do keep it}.
As { |Nģwadchanumģun|, {I do not keep it}.
   { |Nģwadchanumunas|, {Do I keep it?}

2. The Imperative, or Hortative, or Praying and Blessing Mode, is when the action is Commanded, or Exhorted to be done, or Prayed
for. When a Superiour speaks in this Mode, he commands. When
an Inferiour speaks in this Mode, he prayes and intreats. When a
Minister speaks in this Mode, he exhorts, and blesseth.

|Wadchansh|, {Keep thou}.
|Wadchaneh|, {Keep me}.

3. The Optative, Wishing, or Desiring Mode, when one desireth
the action to be done: as

|Nģwaadchanumun toh|, {I wish or desire to keep it}.

4.The Subjunctive, or rather the Supposing, or Suppositive
Mode, when the action is onely supposed to be; as in these three
expressions:

{ If it be.
{ When it is.
{ It being.

And this third sense and meaning of this Mode of the Verb, doth
turn this Mode into a Participle, like an Adnoun, very frequently.

<20>

5. The Indefinite Mode, which doth onely assert the action without
limitation of person or time; and it is made of the Indicative
Mode, by adding the termination (| t|) and taking away the suffix: as

|Wadchanumunat|, {To keep}.

There is another Mode of the Verb in reason of speech, and in
some other Languages, viz. The Potential, which doth render the
action in a possibility to be. But this Language hath not such a
Mode, but that notion is expressed by a word signifying ({may}) to
the Indicative Mode. The usual word with us is (|woh|) {may} or {can}.

All these Modes of the Verb are timed by Tenses, saving the Indefinite
Mode, and that is unlimited.

The times are two; Present, and Past. The time to come is expressed
by a word signifying futurity, added to the Indicative Mode,
as (|mos|, |pish|, {shall}, or {will}).

In the Roman Language there do belong unto this Indefinite
Mode, gerundive, lofty, and vapouring Expressions; also supine,
sluggish, dull, and sunk-hearted Expressions. And though the spirit
of this People, viz. the vapouring pride of some, and the dull-hearted
supinity of others, might dispose them to such words and
expressions, yet I cannot finde them out.

As Nouns are often turned into Verbs, so Verbs are often turned
into Nouns; and a frequent way of it is by adding (|onk|) to the
Verb: as

|Nģwompes|, {I am white}.
|Kģwompes|, {Thou art white}.
|Nģwompesuonk|, {My whiteness}.
|Kģwompesuonk|, {Thy whiteness}.

Every person of the Verb that is capable of such a change in the
reason of Speech, may so be turned into a Noun singular or plural.

Before I set down the Examples of Formation of Verbs, I will
finish a few Observations about the remaining Parts of Speech.

<21> <D>

4. Of Adverbs.

AN Adverb is a word that attendeth upon the Verb, and signifieth
the quality of the action, by Extension, Diminution, Rectitude,
Curvation, Duration, Cessation, &c. according to the various
qualities of all sorts of actions.

Adverbs do usually end in (|Š| or |u|), as |wame| or |wamu|, {All}:
|Menuhke| or |menuhku|, {Strongly}.

The several sorts of Adverbs (according as Learned Grammarians
have gathered them together) are

1. Of Time. |Yeuyeu|, {Now}. |Wunnonkou|, {Yesterday}. |Saup|,
{To morrow}. |Ahquompak|, {When}. |Paswu|, {Lately}. |N“adtuk|, {A long
time}. |Teanuk|, {Presently}. |Kuttumma|, {Very lately}.

2. Of place. |Uttiyeu|, {Where}. |Naut|, {There}. |Anomut|, {Within}.
|Woskeche|, {Without}. |Onkoue|, {Beyond}. |Negonnu|, {First}. |Wutt t|, {Behinde.}

3. Of Order. |Negonnu|, {First}. |Nahoht“eu|, {Second}. |Nishwu|,
{Third}, &c.

4. Of Asking. |Sun|, |Sunnummatta|; {Is it?} or {Is it not?}
|Tohwutch|, {Why}.

5. Of Calling. |Hoh|. |Chuh|.

6. Affirming. |Nux|, {Yea}. |Wunnamuhkut|, {Truely}.

7. Denying. |Matta|, |Matchaog|, {No}. Also |Mo| sometimes signifieth
{Not}. They have no Adverbs of Swearing, nor any Oath,
that I can yet finde: onely we teach them to Swear before a Magistrate
{By the great and dreadfull Name of the Lord}. The word we
make for {swearing}, signifieth {to speak vehemently}.

8. Of Exhorting or Encouraging. |Ehhoh|, |Hah|.

9. Of Forbidding. |Ahque|, {Beware, Do not.}

10. Of Wishing. |Woi|, |Napehnont|, {Oh that it were}, |Toh|.

11. Of Gathering together. |Moeu|, {Together}. |Yeu nogque|, {This
way-ward}. |Ne nogque|, {That way-ward}. |Kesukquieu|, {Heaven-ward}.
|Ohkeiyeu|, {Earth-ward}.

12. Of Choosing. |Anue|, {More rather}. |Teaogku|, {Rather, unfinished}.
|Nahen|, {Almost}. |Asquam|, {Not yet}.

<22>

13. Of Continuation. |Ash|, {Still}.

14. Of Shewing. |Kusseh|, {Behold}.

15. Of Doubting. |Pagwodche|, {It may be}. |Toh|, {It may be}.

16. Of Likeness. |Netatup|, {Like so}. |Nemehkuh|, {So}. |Neane|, {As}.

17. Of unexpected Hap. |Tiadche|, {Vnexpectedly}.

18. Of Quality. |Wunnegen|. |Matchet|. |Waantamwe|, &c.

Of this kinde are all Virtues and Vices, &c.

Adverbs are oft turned into Adnouns, especially when his Verb is
turned into a Noun.


6. Of the Conjunction.

A Conjunction is a Part of Speech to joyn Words and Sentences:
As

Causatives. |Wutch|, |wutche|, |newutche|. {For, from, because}.
|Yeu waj|, {For this cause}.

Disjunctives. |Asuh|, {Or}.

Discretives. |Qut|, {But}.

Suppositives. |Tohneit|, {If}.

Exceptives. |Ishkont|, {Least}. |Chaubohkish|, {Except},
or {besides}. |Kuttumma|, {Vnless.}

Diversatives. |Tohk“nogque|, {Although}.

Of Possibility. |Woh|, {May} or {Can}.

Of Place. |In|, |en|, |ut|, | t|. {In}, {At} or {To}.


7. Of Interjections.

AN Interjection is a word or sound that uttereth the passion of the
minde, without dependance on other words.

Of Sorrow. |Woi|, |ģwee.|
Of Marvelling. |H¢|, |hģ|,
Of Disdaining. |Quah|.
Of Encouraging. |Hah|, |Ehoh|.

<23> <D 2>

There be also suppletive Syllables of no signification, but for ornament
of the word: as |tit|, |tin|, |tinne|; and these, in way of an Elegancy,
receive the affix which belongeth to the Noun or Verb following;
as |nuttit|, |kuttit|, |wuttit|, |nuttin|, |kuttin|, |wuttin|, |nuttinne|,
|kuttinne|, |wuttinne|.

Other Languages have their significant suppletives for Elegancy:
and some of our English Writers begin so to use [{Why}], but I conceive
it to be a mistake. Our suppletive is rather [{Weh}], and [{Why}]
is a significant word. It oft puts the Reader to this inconvenience, to
stay and look whether it be significant or not; and some are stumbled
at it. It is seldome an Elegancy, to make a significant word a
meer suppletive.

So much for the formation of words asunder.

For the Construction of words together, I will give
three short Rules.

1. VVHen two Nouns come together, one of them is turned
into a kinde of an Adverb, or Adnoun, and that is an
Elegancy in the Language: of which see frequent Examples. See
1 Pet.2.2. |Pahke sogkodtungane wuttinnowaonk|, {The pure milkie
word}, for {Milk of the word}. The like may be observed a thousand
times.

2. When two Verbs come together, the latter is the Infinitive
Mode: as in the same 1 Pet.2.5. |Kģweekikonitteamwģ sephausinat|.
{Ye are built, &c. to sacrifice}, &c. And a thousand times more
this Rule occurs.

3. When a Noun or a Verb is attended upon with an Adnoun, or
Adverb, the affix which belongeth to the Noun or Verb is prefixed
to the Adnoun or Adverb: as in the same Chapter, 1 Pet.2.9.
|Ummonchanatamwe wequaiyeumut|, {His marvellous light}: The
affix of {Light} is prefixed to {marvellous}. |Kģwaantamwe ketģhkam|,
{Thou speakest wisely}: The affix of {speaking} is prefixed to {wisely}.
This is a frequent Elegancy in the Language.

But the manner of the formation of the Nouns and Verbs have
such a latitude of use, that there needeth little other Syntaxis in the
Language.

<24>

I shall now set down Examples of Verbs: and first of the Simple
form. And here

First, I shall set down a Verb Active, whose object is Inanimate:
as |Nģwadchanumun|, {I keep it}. (Be it tool or garment.)

And secondly, I shall set down a Verb Substantive:
as |Nģwaantam|, {I am wise}.

Both these I shall set down Parallel in two Columes.


The form Affirmative.

Indicative Mode.
Present tense.

{I keep it}.

Sing.
|Nģwadchanumun|
|Kģwadchanumun|
|ģwadchanumun|.

Plur.
|Nģwadchanumumun|
|Kģwadchanumumwģ|
|Wadchanumwog|.

Present tense.

{I am Wise}.

Sing.
|Nģwaantam|
|Kģwaantam|
|Waantam noh|.

pl.
|Nģwaantamumun|
|Kģwaantamumwģ|
|Waantamwog|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Nģwadchanumunap|
|Kģwadchanumunap|
|ģwadchanumunap|.

Pl.
|Nģwadchanumumunn¢nup|
|Kģwadchanumumwop|
|Wadchanumuppanneg|: or
|ģwadchanummu op|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Nģwaantamup|
|Kģwaantamup|
|Waantamup|.

pl.
|Nģwaantamumunn¢nup|
|Kģwaantam£mwop|
|Waantamuppanneg|.

The Imperative Mode, when it Commnands or Exhorts; it wanteth
the first person singular: but when we Pray in this Mode, as alwayes
we do, then it hath the first person; as, {Let me be wise}; but
there is no formation of the word to express it; yet it may be expressed
<25> <D 3>
by adding this word unto the Indicative Mode [|pƒ|], as, |Pƒnģwaantam|,
{Let me be wise}. Our usual formation of the Imperative
Mode is without the first person singular, casting away the
Affix.

Imperative Mode.

Present tense.

Sing.
|VVadchanish|
|VVadchanitch|.

plur.
|VVadchanumuttuh|
|VVadchanumģk|
|VVadchanumahettich|.

Present tense.

Sing.
|VVaantash|
|VVaantaj|.

plur.
|VVaantamuttuh|
|VVaantamģk|
|VVaantamohettich|.

The Imperative Mode cannot admit of any other time then the
Present.


The Optative Mode.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Nģw adch numun-toh|
|Kģw adchanumun-toh|
|ģwaadchanumun-toh|.

plur.
|Nģwaadchanumunnan-toh|
|Kģwaadchanumunnan-toh|
|ģwaadchanumuneau-toh|.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Nģw aantamun-toh|
|Kģw aantamun-toh|
|ģw aantamun-toh|.

pl.
|Nģw aantamunan-toh|
|Kģw aantamuneau-toh|
|ģw aantamuneau-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Nģwaadchanumunaz-toh|
|Kģwaadchanumunaz-toh|
|ģwaadchanumunaz-toh|

pl.
|Nģwaadchanumunannonuz-toh|
|Kģwaadchanumuna¢uz-toh|
|ģwaadchanumuna¢uz-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Nģw aantamunaz-toh|
|Kģw aantamunaz-toh|
|ģw aantamunaz-toh|.

pl.
|Nģw aantam£nan“iz-toh|
|Kģw aantamuna“iz-toh|
|ģw aantamuna“iz-toh|.

It seems their desires are slow, but strong;
Because they be utter'd double-breath't, and long.

<26>

The Suppositive Mode: which usually flats the first Vocal,
and layes by the affix.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Wadchanumon|
|Wadchanuman|
|Wadchanuk|.

plur.
|Wadchanumog|
|Wadchanum¢g|
|Wadchanumahettit|.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Waantamon|
|Waantaman|
|Waantog|.

plur.
|VVaantamog|
|VVaantam¢g|
|VVaantamohettit|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|VVadchanumos|
|VVadchanum“sa|
|VVadchanukis|.

plur.
|VVadchanumogkus|
|VVadchanum¢gkus|
|VVadchanumahettis|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|VVaantamos|
|VVaantamas|
|VVaantogkis|.

plur.
|VVaantamogkis|
|VVaantam¢gkis|
|VVaantamohettis|.


The Indefinite Mode.

|VVadchanumun t|

|VVaantamun t|.


Indicative Mode. The form Negative, which is varied from
the Affirmative by interposing [|ģ|].

Present tense.

Sing.
|Nģwadchanumģun|
|Kģwadchanumģun|
|ģwadchanumģun|.

plur.
|Nģwadchanumģunnonup|
|Kģwadchanumģwop|
|Wadchanumģog|.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Nģwaantamģh|
|Kģwaantamģh|
|Waantamģh|.

plur.
|Nģwaantamģmun|
|Kģwaantamģmwģ|
|Waantamģog|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Nģwadchanumģunap|
|Kģwadchanumģunap|
|ģwadchanumģunap|.

Plu.
|Nģwadchanumģunnan¢nup|
|Kģwadchanumģwop|
|Wadchanumģpanneg|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Nģwaantamģp|
|Kģwaantamģp|
|ģwaantamop|.

plur.
|Nģwaantamģmunnonup|
|Kģwaantamģmwop|
|VVaantamģpanneg|.


<27>

The Imperative Mode of the Negative simple form.

Present tense.

Sing.
|VVadchanuhkon|
|VVadchanuhkitch|.

plur.
|VVadchanumģuttuh|
|wadchanumģhte¢k|
|wadchanumohettekitch|.

Present tense.

Sing.
|VVaantukon|
|VVaantukitch|.

plur.
|VVaantamģuttuh|
|waantamģhte¢k|
|waantam¢hettekitch|.

The Optative Mode is of seldome use, and very difficult, therefore
I pass it by.


The Suppositive Mode of the Simple form.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Wadchanumģun|
|Wadchanumģan|
|Wadchanģg.|

Plur.
|Wadchanumģog|
|Wadchanumģ¢g|
|Wadchanumģahettit|, or |ģhetteg|.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Waantamģon|
|Waantamģan|
|Waantamģg|.

Pl.
|Waantamģog|
|Waantamģ¢g|
|Waantamģohettit|, or |ģhetteg|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Wadchanumģos|
|Wadchanumģosa|
|Wadchanumģgkis|.

Plur.
|Wadchanumģogkus|
|Wadchanumģ¢gkus|
|Wadchanumģahettis|.

Pr‘ter tense.

Sing.
|Waantamģos|
|Waantamģas|
|Waantamģgkis|.

Plur.
|Waantamģogkus|
|Waantamģ¢gkus|
|Waantamģohettis|.

The Indefinite Mode of the Simple form Negative.

|Wanchanumģun t|
|Waantamģun t|.


The Simple form Interrogative, is formed onely in the Indicative
Mode: All Questions are alwayes asked in this Mode of the
Verb, and in no other; and it is formed by adding [| s|] to the
Affirmative.

Indicative Mode.

Present tense.

Sing.
|Nģwadchanumun s|.
|Kģwadchanumun s|.
|ģwadchanumun ous|.

Present tense.

Plur.
|Nģwadchanumunnanonus|.
|Kģwadchanumunna¢us|
|ģwadchanumunna¢us Nag|.

<28>

The Suffix form animate Affirmative.

Here I carry in a Parallel our English Verb ({Pay}) that so any may distinguish betwixt
what is Grammar, and what belongs to the word. And remember ever to pronounce
(pay), because else you will be ready to reade it (pau). Also remember, that
(|Paum|) is the radicall word, and all the rest is Grammar. In this remarkable way
of speech, the Efficient of the Act, and the Object, and sometimes the End also, are
in a regular composition comprehended in the Verb: and there is no more difficulty in it,
when use hath brought our Notion to it, then there is in other Languages, if so much.

Indicative Mode. Present tense.

1 sing.
{I keep thee},
|Kģwadchansh|
{I keep him},
|Nģwadchan|.
{I keep you},
|Kģwadchanunumwģ|.
{I keep them},
|Nģwadchan¢og|.

2 sing.|
{Thou keepest me},
|Kģwadchaneh|.
{Thou keepest him},
|Kģwadchan|.
{Thou keepest us},
|Kģwadchanimun|.
{Thou keepest them},
|Kģwadchanoog|.

3 sing.|
{He keepeth me},
|Nģwadchanuk|.
{He keepeth thee},
|Kģwadchanuk|.
{He keepeth him},
|ģwadchanuh|.
{He keepeth us},
|Kģwadchanukqun|.
{He keepeth you},
|Kģwadchanukģ|.
{He keepeth them},
|ģwadchanuh|.

1 plur.
{I pay thee},
|Kuppaumush|.
{I pay him},
|Nuppayum|.
{I pay you},
|Kuppaumunumwģ|.
{I pay them},
|Nuppaum“og|.

2 plur.|
{Thou payest me},
|Kuppaumeh|.
{Thou payest him},
|Kuppaum|.
{Thou payest us},
|Kuppaumimun|.
{Thou payest them},
|Kuppaumoog|.

3 sing.
{He payeth me},
|Nuppaumuk|.
{He payeth thee},
|Kuppaumuk|.
{He payeth him},
|Uppaumuh|.
{He payeth us},
|Kuppaumukqun|.
{He payeth you},
|Kuppaumukou|.
{He payeth them},
|Uppaumuh nah|.

<29> <E>

Indicative Mode.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{We keep thee},
|Kģwadchanunumun|.
{We keep him},
|nģwadchanoun|.
{We keep you},
|kģwadchanunumun (wame.)|
{We keep them},
|nģwadchan¢unonog|.

2 plur.
{Ye keep me},
|Kģwadchanimwģ|.
{Ye keep him},
|kģwadchanau|.
{Ye keep us},
|kģwadchanimun|.
{Ye keep them},
|kģwadchanoog|.

3 plur.
{They keep me},
|Nģwadchanukquog|.
{They keep thee},
|kģwadchanukquog|.
{They keep him},
|ģwadchanouh|.
{They keep us},
|nģwadchanukqunnonog|.
{They keep you},
|kģwadchanukģoog|.
{They keep them},
|ģwadchanouh nah|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{We pay thee},
|Kuppaumunumun|.
{We pay him},
|nuppaumoun|.
{We pay you},
|kuppaumunumun|.
{We pay them},
|nuppaumoun¢nog|.

2 plur.
{Ye pay me},
|Kuppaumimwģ|.
{Ye pay him},
|kuppaumau|.
{Ye pay us},
|kuppaumimun|.
{Ye pay them},
|kuppaumoog|.

3 plur.
{They pay me},
|Nuppaumukquog|.
{They pay thee},
|kuppaumukquog|.
{They pay him},
|uppaumouh|.
{They pay us},
|nuppaumukqunnonog|.
{They pay you},
|kuppaumukģoog|.
{They pay them},
|uppaumouh nah|.

<30>

Indicative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I did keep thee},
|Kģwadchanunup|.
{I did keep him},
|nģwadchan¢p|.
{I did keep you},
|kģwadchanunnumwop|.
{I did keep them},
|nģwadchan¢panneg|.

2 sing.
{Thou didst keep me},
|Kģwadchanip|.
{Thou didst keep him},
|kģwadchan¢p|.
{Thou didst keep us},
|kģwadchanimunonup|.
{Thou didst keep them},
|kģwadchanopanneg|.

3 sing.
{He did keep me},
|Nģwadchanukup|.
{He did keep thee},
|kģwadchanukup|.
{He did keep him},
|ģwadchan¢poh|.
{He did keep us},
|nģwadchanukqunnonup|.
{He did keep you},
|kģwadchanukģop|.
{He did keep them},
|ģwadchanģ¢poh|.


Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I did pay thee},
|Kuppaumunup|.
{I did pay him},
|nuppaum¢p|.
{I did pay you},
|kuppaumunumwop|.
{I did pay them},
|nuppaum¢panneg|.

2 sing.
{Thou didst pay me},
|Kuppaumip|.
{Thou didst pay him},
|kuppaum¢p|.
{Thou didst pay us},
|kuppaumimunonup|.
{Thou didst pay them},
|kuppaumopanneg|.

3 sing.
{He did pay me},
|Nuppaumukup|.
{He did pay thee},
|kuppaumukup|.
{He did pay him},
|uppaumopoh|.
{He did pay us},
|nuppaumukqunnonup|.
{He did pay you},
|kuppaumukģwop|.
{He did pay them},
|uppaumopoh nah|.

<31> <E 2>

Indicative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{We did keep thee},
|Kģwadchaninumunonup|.
{We did keep him},
|nģwadchan¢unonup|.
{We did keep you},
|kģwadchaninumunonup|.
{We did keep them},
|nģwadchanounonuppanneg|.

2 plur.
{Ye did keep me},
|Kģwadchanimwop|.
{Ye did keep him},
|kģwadchanuop|.
{Ye did keep us},
|kģwadchanimunonup|.
{Ye did keep them},
|kģwadchanoopanneg|.

3 plur.
{They did keep me},
|Nģwadchanukuppanneg|.
{They did keep thee},
|kģwadchanukuppanneg|.
{They did keep him},
|ģwadchanauopoh|.
{They did keep us},
|kģwadchanukqunonuppanneg|.
{They did keep you},
|kģwadchanukģoopanneg|.
{They did keep them},
|ģwadchanģopoh nah|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{We did pay thee},
|kuppaumunumunonup|.
{We did pay him},
|nuppaumounonup|.
{We did pay you},
|kuppaumunumunonup|.
{We did pay them},
|nnppaumounonuppanneg|.

2 plur.
{Ye did pay me},
|Kuppaumimwop|.
{Ye did pay him},
|kuppaumauop|.
{Ye did pay us},
|kuppaumimunonup|.
{Ye did pay them},
|kuppaumauopanneg|.

3 plur.
{They did pay me},
|Nuppaumukuppaneg|.
{They did pay thee},
|kuppaumukuppanneg|.
{They did pay him},
|uppaumauopoh|.
{They did pay us},
|nuppaumukqunnouppanneg|.
{They did pay you},
|kuppaumukģopanneg|.
{They did pay them},
|uppaumģopoh nah|.

<32>

The Imperative Mode of the Suffix form animate Affirmative.

Note, That this Mode of the Verb doth cast off the Affix, or prefixed Pronoun,
using onely the suffixed Grammaticall variations.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{Let me keep thee},
|Wanchanunutti|.
{Let me keep him},
|wadchanonti|.
{Let me keep you},
|wadchanunonkqutch|.
{Let me keep them},
|wadchanonti nagoh|.

2 sing.
{Do thou keep me},
|Wadchaneh|.
{Do thou keep him},
|wadchan|.
{Do thou keep us},
|wadchaninnean|.
{Do thou keep them},
|wadchan nag|.

3 sing.
{Let him keep me},
|Wadchanitch|.
{Let him keep thee},
|wadchanukqush|.
{Let him keep him},
|wadchanonch|.
{Let him keep us},
|wadchanukqutteuh|.
{Let him keep you},
|wadchanukģk|.
{ Let him keep them},
|wanchanonch|.


Present tense.

1 sing.
{Let me pay thee},
|Paumunutti|.
{Let me pay him},
|paumonti|.
{Let me pay you},
|paumunonkqutch|.
{Let me pay them},
|paumonti|.

2 sing.
{Do thou pay me},
|Paumeh|.
{Do thou pay him},
|paum|.
{Do thou pay us},
|pauminnean|.
{Do thou pay them},
|paum|.

3 sing.
{Let him pay me},
|Paumitch|.
{Let him pay thee},
|paumukqush|.
{Let him pay him},
|paumonch|.
{Let him pay us},
|paumukqutteuh|.
{Let him pay you},
|paumukģk|.
{Let him pay them},
|paumonch|.

<33> <E 3>

Imperative Mode.

Present tense.

1.plur.
{Let us keep thee},
|Wadchanunuttuh|.
{Let us keep him},
|wadchanontuh|.
{Let us keep you},
|wadchanunuttuh|.
{Let us keep them},
|wadchanontuh|.

2 plur.
{Do ye keep me},
|Wadchanegk|.
{Do ye keep him},
|wadchan¢k|.
{Do ye keep us},
|wadchaninnean|.
{Let us keep them},
|wadchan¢k|.

3 plur.
{Let them keep me},
|Wadchanukquttei|, or |wadchanhettich|.
{Let them keep thee},
|wadchanukqush|.
{Let them keep him},
|wadchan hettich|.
{Let them keep us},
|wadchanukqutteuh|.
{Let them keep you},
|wadchanukģk|.
{Let them keep them},
|wadchan hettich|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{Let us pay thee},
|Paumunuttuh|.
{Let us pay him},
|paumontuh|.
{Let us pay you},
|paumunuttuh|.
{Let us pay them},
|paumontuh|.

2 plur.
{Do ye pay me},
|Paumegk|.
{Do ye pay him},
|paum¢k|.
{Do ye pay us},
|pauminnean|.
{Do ye pay them},
|paum¢k|.

3 plur.
{Let them pay me},
|Paumukquttei|, or |Paum‚hettich|.
{Let them pay thee},
|paumukqush|.
{Let them pay him},
|paum hettich|.
{Let them pay us},
|paumukqutteuh|.
{Let them pay you},
|paumukģk|.
{Let them pay them},
|paum hettich|.

<34>

The Optative Mode of the Suffix form animate Affirmative.

This Adverb (|toh|) or (|napehnont|) properly signifieth (|utinam|) {I wish it were}.
And see how naturally they annex it unto every variation of this Mode of the
Verb. Note also, That this Mode keepeth the Affix, or prefixed
Pronoun.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I keep thee},
|Kģwaadchanunan-toh|, or |napehnont|.
{I wish I keep him},
|Nģwaadchanun-toh|.
{I wish I keep you},
|Kģwaadchanununeau-toh|.
{I wish I keep them},
|Nģwaadchan¢neau-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou keep me},
|Kģwaadchanin-toh|.
{I wish thou keep him},
|kģwaadchanon-toh|.
{I wish thou keep us},
|kģwaadchaninneau-toh|.
{I wish thou keep them},
|kģwaadchanoneauh-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he keepe me},
|Nģwaadchanukqun-toh|.
{I wish he keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukqun-toh|.
{I wish he keep him},
|ģwaadchanon-toh|.
{I wish he keep us},
|kģwaadchanukqunan-toh|.
{I wish he keep you},
|kģwaadchanukquneau-toh|.
{I wish he keep them},
|ģwaadchanon-toh|.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I pay thee},
|Kuppapaumunun-toh|.
{I wish I pay him},
|nuppapaumon-toh|.
{I wish I pay you},
|kuppapaumuneau-toh|.
{I wish I pay them},
|nuppapaum¢neau-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou pay me},
|kuppapaumin-toh|.
{I wish thou pay him},
|kuppapaumon-toh|.
{I wish thou pay us},
|kuppapaumuneau-toh|.
{I wish thou pay them},
|kuppapaum¢neau-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he pay me},
|Nuppapaumukqun-toh|.
{I wish he pay thee},
|kuppapaumukqun-toh|.
{I wish he pay him},
|uppapaumon-toh|.
{I wish he pay us},
|kuppapaumukqunan-toh|.
{I wish he pay you},
|kuppapaumukquneau-toh|.
{I wish he pay them},
|uppapaumon-toh|.

<35>

Optative Mode.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we keep thee},
|Kģwaadchanunan-toh|.
{I wish we keep him},
|nģwaadchanonan-toh|.
{I wish we keep you},
|kģwaadchanunnan-toh|.
{I wish we keep them},
|nģwaadchanonan-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye keep me},
|Kģwaadchanuneau-toh|.
{I wish ye keep him},
|kģwaadchan¢neau-toh|.
{I wish ye keep us},
|kģwaadchanunean-toh|.
{I wish ye keep them},
|kģwaadchan¢neau-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they keep me},
|Nģwaadchanukquneau-toh|.
{I wish they keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukquneau-toh|.
{I wish they keep him,
|ģwaadchan¢neau-toh|.
{I wish they keep us},
|nģwaadchanukqunan-toh|.
{I wish they keep you},
|kģwaadchanukquneau-toh|.
{I wish they keep them},
|ģwaadchanoneau-toh|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we pay thee},
|Kuppapaumunan-toh|.
{I wish we pay him},
|nuppapaum¢nan-toh|.
{I wish we pay you},
|kuppapaumunan-toh|.
{I wish we pay them},
|nuppapaumonan-toh.

2 plur.
{I wish ye pay me},
|Kuppapaumuneau-toh|.
{I wish ye pay him},
|kuppapaum¢neau-toh|.
{I wish ye pay us},
|kuppapaumunean-toh|.
{I wish ye pay them},
|kuppapaum¢neau-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they pay me},
|Nuppapaumukquneau-toh|.
{I wish they pay thee},
|kuppapaumukquneau-toh|.
{I wish they him},
|uppapaum¢neau-toh|.
{I wish they pay us},
|nuppapaumukqunan-toh|.
{I wish they pay you},
|kuppapaumukquneau-toh|.
{I wish they pay them},
|uppapaum¢neau-toh|.

<36>

Optative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I did keep thee},
|Kģwaadchanununaz-toh|.
{I wish I did keep him},
|nģwaadchan¢naz-toh|.
{I wish I did keep you},
|kģwaadchanununnaouz-toh|.
{I wish I did keep them},
|nģwaadchan¢na¢oz-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou didst keep me},
|Kģwaadchaninneaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst keep him},
|kģwaadchan¢naz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst keep us},
|kģwaadchanuneanonuz-toh|
{I wish thou didst keep them},
|kģwaadchan¢naouz-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he did kelp me},
|Nģwadchanukqunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukqunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did keep him},
|ģwaadchan¢naz-toh|.
{I wish he did keep us},
|nģwaadchanukqunanonuz-toh.
{I wish he did keep you},
|kģwaadchanukqunnaouz-toh|.
{I wish he did keep them},
|ģwaadchanonaouz-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I did pay thee},
|Kuppapaumununaz-toh|.
{I wish I did pay him},
|nuppapaum¢naz-toh|.
{I wish I did pay you},
|kuppapaumununnaouz-toh|.
{I wish I did pay them},
|nuppapaumonaouz-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou didst pay me},
|Kuppapaumineaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst pay him},
|kuppapaumonaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst pay us},
|kuppapaumuneanonuz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst pay them},
|kuppapaum¢naouz-toh|.

{I wish he did pay me},
|Nuppapaumukqunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did pay thee},
|kuppapaumukqunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did pay him},
|uppapaum¢naz-toh|.
{I wish he did pay us},
|nuppapaumukqunanonuz-toh|.
{I wish he did pay you},
|kuppapaumukqunaouz-toh|.
{I wish he did pay them},
|uppapaumonaouz-toh|.

<37> <F>

Optative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we did keep thee},
|Kģwaadchan•nanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did keep him},
|nģwaadchan•nanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did keep you},
|kģwaadchanunan•naz-toh|.
{I wish we did keep them},
|nģwaadchanonanonuz-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye did keep me},
|Kģwaadchaninea¢uz-toh|.
{I wish ye did keep him},
|kģwaadchanona¢uz-toh|.
{I wish ye did keep us},
|kģwaadchaninneanonuz-toh|.
{I wish ye did keep them},
|kģwaadchan¢naouz-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they did keep me},
|Nģwaadchanukqunna¢uz-toh|.
{I wish they did keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukquna¢uz-toh|.
{I wish they did keep him},
|ģwaadchan¢na¢uz-toh|.
{I wish they did keep us},
|nģwaadchanukqunnanouz-toh|.
{I wish they did keep you},
|kģwaadchanukquna•uz-toh|.
{I wish they did keep them},
|ģwaadchan¢naouz-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we did pay thee},
|Kuppapaumunanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did pay him},
|nuppapaum¢nanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did pay you},
|kuppapaumunanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did pay them},
|nuppapaumonanonuz-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye did pay me},
|Kuppapaumineaouz-toh|.
{I wish ye did pay him},
|kuppapaumonaouz-toh|.
{I wish ye did pay us},
|kuppapaumineanonuz-toh|.
{I wish ye did pay them},
|kuppapaum•naouz-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they did pay me},
|Nuppapaumukqunaouz-toh|.
{I wish they did pay thee},
|kuppapaumukqunaouz-toh|.
{I wish they did pay him},
|uppapaum¢na•uz-toh|.
{I wish they did pay us},
|nuppapaumukqunanonuz-toh|.
{I wish they did pay you},
|kuppapaumukquna•uz-toh|.
{I wish they did pay them},
|uppapaum¢naouz-toh|.

<38>

The Suppositive Mode of the Suffix form animate Affirmative.

Note, That this Mode also doth cast off the Affix, or prefixed Pronoun.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{If I keep thee},
|Wadchanunon.|
{If I keep him},
|wadchanog|.
{If I keep you},
|wadchanun¢g|.
{If I keep them},
|wadchaog|.

2 sing.
{If thou keep me},
|Wadchanean|.
{If thou keep him},
|wadchanadt|.
{If thou keep us},
|wadchaneog|.
{If thou keep them},
|wadchanadt|.

3 sing.
{If he keep me},
|Wadchanit|.
{If he keep thee},
|wadchanukquean|.
{If he keep him},
|wadchanont|.
{If he keep us},
|wadchanukqueog|.
{If he keep you},
|wadchanukque¢g|.
{If he keep them},
|wadchan hettit|, or |ont|.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{If I pay thee},
|Paumunon|.
{If I pay him},
|paumog|.
{If I pay you},
|paumun¢g|.
{If I pay them},
|paumog|.

2 sing.
{If thou pay me},
|Paumean|.
{If thou pay him},
|paumadt|.
{If thou pay us},
|paumeog|.
{If thou pay them},
|paumadt|.

3 sing.
{If he pay me},
|Paumit|.
{If he pay thee},
|paumukquean|.
{If he pay him},
|paumont|.
{If he pay us},
|paumukqueog|.
{If he pay you},
|paumukque¢g|.
{If he pay them},
|paum hettit|.

<39> <F 2>

Suppositive Mode.

Note, Where the singular and plural are alike, they are distinguished by |Noh| or
|Neen| in the singular, and |Nag| or |Nenawun| in the plural.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{If we keep thee},
|Wadchanunog|.
{If we keep him},
|wadchanogkut|.
{If we keep you},
|wadchanunog|.
{If we keep them},
|wadchanogkut|.

2 plur.
{If ye keep me},
|Wadchane¢g|.
{If ye keep him},
|wadchan¢g|.
{If ye keep us},
|wadchaneog|.
{If ye keep them},
|wadchan¢g|.

3 plur.
{If they keep me},
|Wadchanhettit|.
{If they keep thee},
|wadchanukquean|.
{If they keep him},
|wadchanuk hettit|.
{If they keep us},
|wadchanukqueog|.
{If they keep you},
|wadchanukque•g|.
{If they keep them},
|wadchan hettit|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{If we pay thee},
|Paumunog|.
{If we pay him},
|paumogkut|.
{If we pay you},
|paumunog|.
{If we pay them},
|paumogkut|.

2 plur.
{If ye pay me},
|Paume¢g|.
{If ye pay him},
|paum¢g|.
{If ye pay us},
|paume¢g|.
{If ye pay them},
|paum¢g|.

3 plur.
{If they pay me},
|Paumhettit|.
{If they pay thee},
|paumukquean|.
{If they pay him},
|paum hettit|.
{If they pay us},
|paumukqueog|.
{If they pay you},
|paumukque•g|.
{If they pay them}
|paum hettit|.

<40>

Suppositive Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{If I did keep thee},
|Wadchanunos|.
{If I did keep him},
|waadchanogkus|.
{If I did keep you},
|wadchanun¢gkus|.
{If I did keep them},
|wadchanogkus|.

2 sing.
{If thou didst keep me},
|Wadchaneas|.
{If thou didst keep him},
|wadchanas|.
{If thou didst keep us},
|wadchaneogkus|.
{If thou didst keep them}
|wadchanas|.

3 sing.
{If he did keep me},
|Wadchanis|.
{If he did keep thee},
|wadchanukqueas|.
{If he did keep him},
|wadchan¢s|.
{If he did keep us},
|wadchanukqueogkus|.
{If he did keep you},
|wadchanukque¢gkus|.
{If he did keep them},
|wadchanos|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{If I did pay thee},
|Paumunos|.
{If I did pay him},
|paumogkus|.
{If I did pay you},
|paumun¢gkus|.
{If I did pay them},
|paumogkus|.

2 sing.
{If thou didst pay me},
|Paumeas|.
{If thou didst pay him},
|paumas|.
{If thou didst pay us},
|paumeogkus|.
{If thou didst pay them},
|paumas|.

3 sing.
{If he did pay me},
|Paumis|.
{If he did pay thee},
|paumukqueas|.
{If he did pay him},
|paumos|.
{If he did pay us},
|paumukqueogkus|.
{If he did pay you},
|paumukque¢gkus|.
{If he did pay them},
|paumos|.

<41> <F 3>

Suppositive Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{If we did keep thee},
|Wadchanunogkus|.
{If we did keep him},
|wadchanogkutus|.
{If we did keep you},
|wadchanunogkus|.
{If we did keep them},
|wadchanogkutus|.

2 plur.
{If ye did keep me},
|Wadchane¢gkus|.
{If ye did keep him},
|wadchan¢gkus|.
{If ye did keep us},
|wadchaneogkus|.
{If ye did keep them},
|wadchan¢gkus|.

3 plur.
{If they did keep me},
|Wadchanhettis|.
{If they did keep thee},
|wadchanukqueas|.
{If they did keep him},
|wadchanahettis|.
{If they did keep us},
|wadchanukqueogkus|.
{If they did keep you},
|wadchanukque¢gkus|.
{If they did keep them},
|wadchanahettis|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{If we did pay thee},
|Paumunogkus|.
{If we did pay him},
|paumunogkutus|.
{If we did pay you},
|paumunogkus|.
{If we did pay them},
|paumogkutus|.

2 plur.
{If ye did pay me},
|Paume[¢]gkus|.
{If ye did pay him},
|paumogkus|.
{If ye did pay us},
|paumeogkus|.
{If ye did pay them},
|paum¢gkus|.

3 plur.
{If they did pay me},
|Paumehettis|.
{If they did pay thee},
|paumukqueas|.
{If they did pay him},
|paumahettis|.
{If they did pay us},
|paumukqueogkus|.
{If they did pay you},
|paumukque¢gkus|.
{If they did pay them},
|paumahettis|.


<42>


The Indefinite Mode.

Present tense.

{To keep},
|Wadchan¢nat|.

Present tense.

{To pay},
|Paummuonat|.

The third Person of the Suffix form Animate is capable to be
expressed in the Indefinite Mode.

Note also, That this Mode followeth the Indicative, and keepeth the Affix.

As for Example.

3 sing.
{To keep me,}
|Nģwadchanukqunat|.
{To keep thee},
|kģwadchanukqunat|.
{To keep him},
|ģwadchanonat|.
{To keep us},
|nģwadchanukqunnanonut|.
{To keep you},
|kģwadchanukqunnaout|.
{To keep them},
|ģwadchanonaout|.

3 sing.
{To pay me},
|Nuppaumunkqunat|.
{To pay thee},
|kuppaumukqunat|.
{To pay him},
|uppaumonat|.
{To pay us},
|nuppaumukqunnanonut|.
{To pay you},
|kuppaumukqunnaout|.
{To pay them},
|uppaumonaoont|.

So much for the Suffix form Animate Affirmative.

[p.43 blank]

<44>


The Suffix form Animate Negative.

Indicative Mode.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{I keep not thee},
|Kģwadchanunģh|.
{I keep not him},
|nģwadchan•h|.
{I keep not you},
|kģwadchanoog|.
{I keep not them},
|Mat nģwadchanoog|.

2 sing.
{Thou keep not me},
|Kģwadchane£h|.
{Thou keep not him},
|kģwadchan•h|.
{Thou keep not us},
|kģwadchaneumun|.
{Thou keep not them,}
|Mat kģwadchanoog|.

3 sing.
{He keep not me},
|Nģwadchanukģh|.
{He keep not thee},
|kģwadchanukģh|.
{He keep not him},
|Mat ģwadchanuh|.
{He keep not us},
|nģwadchanukģun|.
{He keep not you},
|Mat kģwadchanukģ|.
{He keep not them},
|Mat ģwadchanuh|.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{I pay not thee},
|Kuppaumunģh|.
{I pay not him},
|nuppaum•h|.
{I pay not you},
|kuppaumunģmwģ|.
{I pay not them},
|Mat nuppaumoog|.

2 sing.
{Thou pay not me},
|Kuppaumeuh|.
{Thou pay not him},
|kuppaum•h|.
{Thou pay not us},
|kuppaumeumun|.
{Thou pay not them},
|Mat kuppaumeumoog|.

3 sing.
{He pay not me},
|Nuppaumukģh|.
{He pay not thee},
|kuppaumukģh|.
{He pay not him},
|Mat uppaumoh|.
{He pay not us,}|
|nuppaumukģun|.
{He pay not you},
|Mat kuppaumukģh|.
{He pay not them},
|Mat uppaumuh|.

<45> <G>

Indicative Mode.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{We keep not thee},
|Kģwadchanunģmun|.
{We keep not him},
|mat nģwadchan¢un|.
{We keep not you},
|kģwadchanunģmun|.
{We keep not them},
|mat nģwadchanounonog|.

2 plur.
{Ye keep not me},
|Kģwadchaneumwģ|.
{Ye keep not him},
|mat kģwadchanau|.
{Ye keep not us},
|kģwadchaneumun|.
{Ye keep not them},
|mat kģwadchanoog|.

3 plur.
{They keep not me},
|Nģwadchanukģog|.
{They keep not thee},
|kģwadchanukģog|.
{They keep not him},
|mat ģwadchanouh|.
{They keep not us},
|nģwadchanukģunonog|.
{They keep not you},
|kģwadchanukģoog|.
{They keep not them},
|mat ģwadchanouh|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{We pay not thee},
|Kuppaumunģmun|.
{We pay not him},
|mat nuppaumoun|.
{We pay not you},
|kuppaumunģmun|.
{We pay not them},
|mat nuppaumounonog|.

2 plur.
{Ye pay not me},
|Kuppaumeumwģ|.
{Ye pay not him},
|mat kuppaumau|.
{Ye pay not us},
|kuppaumeumun|.
{Ye pay not them},
|mat kuppaumoog|.

3 plur.
{They pay not me},
|Nuppaumukģog|.
{They pay not thee},
|kuppaumukģog|.
{They pay not him},
|mat uppaumouh|.
{They pay not us},
|nuppaumukģunonog|.
{They pay not you},
|kuppaumukģoog|.
{They pay not them},
|mat uppaumouh|.

<46>

Indicative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I did not keep thee},
|Kģwadchanunģp|.
{I did not keep him},
|mat nģwadchan¢hp|.
{I did not keep you},
|kģwadchanunģmwop|.
{I did not keep them},
|mat nģwadchanopanneg|.

2 sing.
{Thou didst not keep me},
|Kģwadchaneup|.
{Thou didst not keep him},
|mat kģwadchan¢p|.
{Thou didst not keep us},
|kģwadchaneumunonup|.
{Thou didst not keep them},
|mat kģwadchanopanneg|.

3 sing.
{He did not keep me},
|Nģwadchanukģp|.
{He did not keep thee},
|kģwadchanukģp|.
{He did not keep him},
|mat ģwadchan¢poh|.
{He did not keep us},
|nģwadchanukģunonup|.
{He did not keep you},
|kģwadchanukģop|.
{He did not keep them},
|mat ģwadchanopoh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I did not pay thee},
|Kuppaumunģp|.
{I did not pay him},
|mat nuppaum¢p|
{I did not pay you},
|kuppaumunģmwop|.
{I did not pay them},
|mat nuppaumopanneg|.

2 sing.
{Thou didst not pay me},
|Kuppaumeup|.
{Thou didst not pay him},
|mat kuppaum•p|.
{Thou didst not pay us},
|kuppaumeumun•nup|.
{Thou didst not pay them},
|mat kuppaumopanneg|.

3 sing.
{He did not pay me},
|Nuppaumukģp|.
{He did not pay thee},
|kuppaumukģp|.
{He did not pay him},
|mat paum¢poh|.
{He did not pay us},
|nuppaumukģunonup|.
{He did not pay you},
|kuppaumukģop|.
{He did not pay them},
|mat uppaumopoh|.

<47> <G 2>

Indicative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{We did not keep thee},
|Kģwadchaninģmunonup|.
{We did not keep him},
|mat nģwadchanounonup|.
{We did not keep you},
|kģwadchaninģmunonup|.
{We did not keep them},
|mat nģwadchanounonuppanneg|.

2 plur.
{Ye did not keep me},
|Kģwadchaneumwop|.
{Ye did not keep him},
|mat kģwadchanģop|.
{Ye did not keep us},
|kģwadchaneumunonup|.
{Ye did not keep them},
|mat kģwadchanoopanneg|.

3 plur.
{They did not keep me},
|Nģwadchanukģpanneg|.
{They did not keep thee},
|kģwadchanukģpanneg|.
{They did not keep him},
|mat ģwadchanģopoh|.
{They did not keep us},
|nģwadchanukģunonuppanneg|.
{They did not keep you},
|kģwadchanukģoopanneg|.
{They did not keep them},
|mat ģwadchanģopoh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{We did not pay thee},
Kuppaumunģmun[¢]nup|.
{We did not pay him},
|mat nuppaum•unonup|.
{We did not pay you},
|kuppaumunģmunonup|.
{We did not pay them},
|mat nuppaumounonupp„neg|.

2 plur.
{Ye did not pay me},
|Kuppaumeumwop|.
{Ye did not pay him},
|mat kuppaumģop|.
{Ye did not pay us},
|kuppaumeumun[¢]nup|.
{Ye did not pay them},
|mat kuppaumģopanneg|.

3 plur.
{They did not pay me},
|Nuppaumukģpanneg|.
{They did not pay thee},
|kuppaumukģpanneg|.
{They did not pay him},
|mat uppaumģopuh|.
{They did not pay us},
|nuppaumukģunonuppanneg|
{They did not pay you},
|kuppaumukģ¢opanneg|.
{They did not pay them},
|mat uppaumģopoh|.

<48>

The Suffix form animate Negative.

Imperative Mode.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{Let me not keep thee},
|Wadchanunģutti|.
{Let me not keep him},
|wadchanoonti|.
{Let me not keep you},
|wadchanunonkqutti|.
{Let me not keep them},
|wadchanoonti|.

2 sing.
{Do thou not keep me},
|Wadchanohkon|.
{Do thou not keep him},
|wadchanuhkon|.
{Do thou not keep us},
|wadchan‚ittuh|.
{Do thou not keep them},
|wadchanuhkon|.

3 sing.
{Let not him keep me},
|Wadchanehkitch|.
{Let not him keep thee},
|wadchanukģhkon|.
{Let not him keep him},
|wadchanuhkitch|.
{Let not him keep us},
|wadchanukģuttuh|.
{Let not him keep you},
|wadchanukģhte¢k|.
{Let not him keep them},
|wadchanuhkitch|.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{Let me not pay thee},
|Paumunutti|.
{Let me not pay him},
|paumoonti|.
{Let me not pay you},
|paumunģutti|.
{Let me not pay them},
|paumoonti|.

2 sing.
{Do thou not pay me},
|Paumehkon|.
{Do thou not pay him},
|paumuhkon|.
{Do thou not pay us},
|paum‚ittuh|.
{Do thou not pay them},
|paum¢hkon|.

3 sing.
{Let not him pay me},
|Paumehkitch|.
{Let not him pay thee},
|paumukģhkon|.
{Let not him pay him},
|paumuhkitch|.
{Let not him pay us},
|paumukģuttuh|.
{Let not him pay you},
|paumukģhte•k|.
{Let not him pay them},
|paumuhkitch|.

<49> <G 3>

Imperative Mode.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{Let not us keep thee},
|Wadchanunģuttuh|.
{Let not us keep him},
|wadchan•ontuh|.
{Let not us keep you},
|wadchanunģuttuh|.
{Let not us keep them},
|wadchanoontuh|.

2 plur.
{Do not ye keep me},
|Wadchanehte¢k|.
{Do not ye keep him},
|wadchanuhte¢k|.
{Do not ye keep us},
|wadchan‚innean|.
{Do not ye keep them},
|wadchanuhte¢k|.

3 plur.
{Let not them keep me},
|Wadchanehettekitch|.
{Let not them keep thee},
|wadchanukģhkon|.
{Let not them keep him},
|wadchanahettekitch|.
{Let not them keep us},
|wadchanukģuttuh|.
{Let not them keep you},
|wadchanukģhteok|.
{Let not them keep them},
|wadchanahettekitch|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{Let not us pay thee},
|Paumunģuttuh|.
{Let not us pay him},
|paum[¢]ontuh|.
{Let not us pay you},
|paumunģuttuh|.
{Let not us pay them},
|paumoontuh|.

2 plur.
{Do not ye pay me},
|Paumehteok|.
{Do not ye pay him},
|paumuhteok|.
{Do not ye pay us},
|paum‚innean|.
{Do not ye pay them},
|paumuhteok|.

3 plur.
{Let not them pay me},
|Paumehettekitch|.
{Let not them pay thee},
|paumukģhkon|.
{Let not them pay him},
|paumahettekitch|.
{Let not them pay us},
|paumukģuttuh|.
{Let not them pay you},
|paumukģhteok|.
{Let not them pay them},
|paumahettekitch|.

<50>

The Suffix form Animate Negative.

Optative Mode.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I keep not thee},
|Kģwaadchanunģun-toh|.
{I wish I keep not him},
|nģwaadchanoun-toh|.
{I wish I keep not you},
|kģwaadchanunģuneau-toh|.
{I wish I keep not them},
|nģwaadchanouneau-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou do not keep me},
|Kģwaadchanein-toh|.
{I wish thou do not keep him},
|kģwaadchanoon-toh|.
{I wish thou do not keep us},
|kģwaadchanein-toh|.
{I wish thou do not keep them},
|kģwaadchanouneau-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he do not keep me},
|Nģwaadchanukģun-toh|.
{I wish he do not keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukģun-toh|.
{I wish he do not keep him},
|ģwaadchanoon-toh|.
{I wish he do not keep us},
|nģwaadchanukģunan-toh|.
{I wish he do not keep you},
|kģwaadchanukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish he do not keep them},
|ģwaadchanoon-toh|.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I do not pay thee},
|Kuppapaumunģun-toh|.
{I wish I do not pay him},
|nuppapaumoon-toh|.
{I wish I do not pay you},
|kuppapaumunģuneau-toh|.
{I wish I do not pay them},
|nuppapaumouneau-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou do not pay me},
|Kuppapaum‚in-toh|.
{I wish thou do not pay him},
|kuppapaumoon-toh|.
{I wish thou do not pay us},
|kuppapaum‚inan-toh|.
{I wish thou no not pay them},
|kuppapaumouneau-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he do not pay me},
|Nuppapaumukģun-toh|.
{I wish he do not pay thee},
|kuppapamukģun-toh|.
{I wish he do not pay him},
|uppapaumoun-toh|.
{I wish he do not pay us},
|nuppapaumukģunan-toh|.
{I wish he do not pay you},
|kuppapaumukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish he do not pay them},
|uppapaumouneau-toh|.

<51>

Optative Mode.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we do not keep thee},
|Kģwaadchanunģunan-toh|.
{I wish we do not keep him},
|nģwaadchanounan-toh|.
{I wish we do not keep you},
|kģwaadchanounan-toh|.
{I wish we do not keep them},
|nģwaadchanounan-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye do not keep me},
|Kģwaadchaneinneau-toh|.
{I wish ye do not keep him},
|kģwaadchanouneau-toh|.
{I wish ye do not keep us},
|kģwaadchan‚innean-toh|.
{I wish ye do not keep them},
|kģwaadchanouneau-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they do not keep me},
|Nģwaadchanukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not keep him},
|ģwaadchanouneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not keep us},
|nģwaadchanukģunan-toh|.
{I wish they do not keep you},
|kģwaadchanukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not keep them},
|ģwaadchanouneau-toh|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we do not pay thee},
|Kuppapaumunģon-toh|.
{I wish we do not pay him},
|nuppapaumoon-toh|.
{I wish we do not pay you},
|kuppapaumunģunan-toh|.
{I wish we do not pay them},
|nuppapaumounan-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye do not pay me},
|Kuppapaum‚ineau-toh|.
{I wish ye do not pay him },
|kuppapaumooneau-toh|.
{I wish ye do not pay us},
|kuppapaum‚inan-toh|.
{I wish ye do not pay them},
|kuppapaumooneau-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they do not pay me},
|Nuppapaumukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not pay thee},
|kuppapaumukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not pay him},
|uppapaumouneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not pay us},
|nuppapaumukģunan-toh|.
{I wish they do not pay you},
|kuppapaumukģuneau-toh|.
{I wish they do not pay them},
|uppapaumouneau-toh|.

<52>

Optative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I did not keep thee},
|Kģwaadchanunģunaz-toh|.
{I wish I did not keep him},
|nģwaadchan•unaz-toh|.
{I wish I did not keep you},
|kģwaadchanunonaouz-toh|.
{I wish I did not keep them},
|nģwaadchan•unaouz-toh|.

2 sing.
{I wish thou didst not keep me},
|Kģwaadchan‚inaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst not keep him},
|kģwaadchan¢unaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst not keep us},
|kģwaadchaneinanonaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst not keep them},
|kģwaadchanounnaouz-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he did not keep me},
|Nģwaadchanukģunuz-toh|.
{I wish he did not keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukģunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did not keep him},
|ģwaadchanounaz-toh|.
{I wish he did not keep us},
|nģwaadchanukģunanonuz-toh|.
{I wish he did not keep you},
|kģwaadchanukģaunouz-toh|.
{I wish he did not keep them},
|ģwaadchan•unaouz-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{I wish I did not pay thee},
|Kuppapaumunģunaz-toh|.
{I wish I did not pay him},
|nuppapaumounaz-toh|.
{I wish I did not pay you},
|kuppapaumunģunaouz-toh|.
{I wish I did not pay them},
|nuppapaumounaouz-toh |.

2 sing.
{I wish thou didst not pay me},
|Kuppapaum‚inaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst not pay him},
|kuppapaumounaz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst not pay us},
|kuppapaum‚inanonuz-toh|.
{I wish thou didst not pay them},
|kuppapaumnounaouz-toh|.

3 sing.
{I wish he did not pay me},
|Nuppapaumukģunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did not pay thee},
|kuppapaumukģunaz-toh|.
{I wish he did not pay him},
|uppapaum¢unaz-toh|.
{I wish he did not pay us},
|nuppapaumukģanonuz-toh|.
{I wish he did not pay you},
|kuppapaumukģunaouz-toh|.
{I wish he did not pay them},
|uppapaumounaz-toh |.

<53> <H>

Optative Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we did not keep thee},
|kģwaadchanunģunanonuz-toh|
{I wish we did not keep him},
|nģwaadchan•unanouz-toh|.
{I wish we did not keep you},
|kģwaadchanģunaouz-toh|
{I wish we did not keep them},
|nģwaadchanģunaouz-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye did not keep me},
|Kģwaadchan‚ina•uz-toh|.
{I wish ye did not keep him},
|kģwaadchan¢unaouz-toh|.
{I wish ye did not keep us},
|kģwaadchan‚inanonaz-toh|.
{I wish ye did not keep them},
|kģwaadchanounnaouz-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they did not keep me},
|Nģwaadchanukģunaz-toh|.
{I wish they did not keep thee},
|kģwaadchanukģunaz-toh|.
{I wish they did not keep him},
|ģwaadchanounaoaz-toh|.
{I wish they did not keep us},
|nģwaadchanukģunanonaz-toh|
{I wish they did not keep you},
|kģwaadchanukģunaouz-toh|.
{I wish they did not keep them},
|ģwaadchanounaoaz-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{I wish we did not pay thee},
|kuppapaumunģanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did not pay him},
|nuppapaumounanonuz-toh|.
{I wish we did not pay you},
|kuppapaumunģunaoaz-toh|.
{I wish we did not pay them},
|nuppapaumounaoaz-toh|.

2 plur.
{I wish ye did not pay me},
|Kuppapaum‚inaoaz-toh|.
{I wish ye did not pay him},
|kuppapaumoonaoaz-toh|.
{I wish ye did not pay us},
|kuppapaum‚innanonaz-toh|.
{I wish ye did not pay them},
|kuppapaumoonaoaz-toh|.

3 plur.
{I wish they did not pay me},
|Nuppapaumukģunaooz-toh|.
{I wish they did not pay thee},
|kuppapaumukģunaooz-toh|.
{I wish they did not pay him},
|uppapaumoonaz-toh|
{I wish they did not pay us},
|nuppapaumukģanonaz-toh|
{I wish they did not pay you},
|kuppapaumukģunaoaz-toh|.
{I wish they did not pay them},
|uppapaumounaoaz-toh|.

<54>

The Suffix form Animate Negative.

Suppositive Mode.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{If I keep not thee},
|Wadchanunģon|.
{If I keep not him},
|wadchanoog|.
{If I keep not you},
|wadchanunģ•g|.
{If I keep not them},
|wadchanoog|.

2 sing.
{If thou keep not me},
|Wadchaneean|.
{If thou keep not him},
|wadchanoadt|.
{If thou keep not us},
|wadchaneeog|.
{If I keep not them},
|wadchanoadt|.

3 sing.
{If he keep not me},
|Wadchaneegk|.
{If he keep not thee},
|wadchanukģan|.
{If he keep not him},
|wadchanunk|.
{If he keep not us},
|wadchanukģog|.
{If he keep not you},
|wadchanukģ¢g|.
{If he keep not them},
|wadchanunk|.

Present tense.

1 sing.
{If I pay not thee},
|Paumunģon|.
{If I pay not him},
|paumoog|.
{If I pay not you},
|paumunģ¢g|.
{If I pay not them},
|paumoog|.

2 sing.
{If thou pay not me},
|Paumeean|.
{If I pay not him},
|paumoadt|.
{If thou pay not us},
|paumeeog|.
{If thou pay not them},
|paumoadt|.

3 sing.
{If he pay not me},
|Paumeegk|.
{If he pay not thee},
|paumukģan|.
{If he pay not him},
|paumunk|.
{If he pay not us},
|paumukģog|.
{If he pay not you},
|paumukģ¢g|.
{If he pay not them},
|paumunk|.

<55> <H 2>

Suppositive Mode|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{If we keep not thee},
|Wadchanunģog|.
{If we keep not him},
|wadchanoogkut|.
{If we keep not you},
|wadchanunģog|.
{If we keep not them},
|wadchanoogkut|.

2 plur.
{If ye keep not me},
|Wadchanee¢g|.
{If ye keep not him},
|wadchano¢g|.
{If ye keep not us},
|wadchaneeog|.
{If ye keep not them},
|wadchano¢g|.

3 plur.
{If they keep not me},
|Wadchanehetteg|.
{If they keep not thee},
|wadchanukģan|.
{If they keep not him},
|wadchanahetteg|.
{If they keep not us},
|wadchanukģog|.
{If they keep not you},
|wadchanukģ¢g|.
{If they keep not them},
|wadchanahetteg|.

Present tense.

1 plur.
{If we pay not thee},
|Paumunģog|.
{If we pay not him},
|paumoogkut|.
{If we pay not you},
|paumunģ¢g|.
{If we pay not them},
|paumoogkut|.

2 plur.
{If ye pay not me},
|Paumee•g|.
{If ye pay not him},
|paum“•g|.
{If ye pay not us},
|paumeeog|.
{If ye pay not them},
|paum“•g|.

3 plur.
{If they pay not me},
|Paumehetteg|.
{If they pay not thee},
|paumukģan|.
{If they pay not him},
|paumahetteg|.
{If they pay not us},
|paumukģog|.
{If they pay not you},
|paumukģ•g|.
{If they pay not them},
|paumahetteg|.

<56>

Suppositive Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{If I did not keep thee},
|Wadchanunģos|.
{If I did not keep him},
|wadchanoogkus|.
{If I did not keep you},
|wadchanunģ¢gkus|.
{If did not keep them},
|wadchanoogkus|.

2 sing.
{If thou didst not keep me},
|Wadchaneeas|.
{If thou didst not keep him|.
|wadchanoas|.
{If thou didst not keep us},
|wadchaneeogkus|.
{If thou didst not keep them},
|wadchano•gkus|.

3 sing.
{If he did not keep me},
|Wadchaneekus|.
{If he did not keep thee},
|wadchanukģas|.
{If he did not keep him},
|wadchanunkus|.
{If he did not keep us},
|wadchanukģģ¢gkus|.
{If he did not keep you},
|wadchanukogkus|.
{If he did not keep them},
|wadchanunkus|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 sing.
{If I did not pay thee},
|Paumunģos|.
{If I did not pay him},
|paumoogkus|.
{If I did not pay you},
|paumunģ¢gkus|.
{If I did not pay them},
|paumoogkus|.

2 sing.
{If thou didst not pay me},
|Paumeeas|.
{If thou didst not pay him},
|paumoas|.
{If thou didst not pay us},
|paumeeogkus|.
{If thou didst not pay them},
|paumo¢gkus|.

3 sing.
{If he did not pay me},
|Paumeekus|.
{If he did not pay thee},
|paumukģas|.
{If he did not pay him},
|paumunkus|.
{If he did not pay us},
|paumukģogkus|.
{If he did not pay you},
|paumukģ¢gkus|.
{If he did not pay them},
|paumunkus|.

<57> <H 3>

Suppositive Mode.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{If we did not keep thee},
|Wadchanunģogkus|.
{If we did not keep him},
|wadchanoogkutus|.
{If we did not keep you},
|wadchanunģ¢gkus|.
{If we did not keep them},
|wadchanoogkutus|.

2 plur.
{If ye did not keep me},
|Wadchanee¢gkus|.
{If ye did not keep him},
|wadchano¢gkus},
{If ye did not keep us},
|wadchaneeogkus|.
{If ye did not keep them},
|wadchano¢gkus|.

3 plur.
{If they did not keep me},
|Wadchanehettegkis|.
{If they did not keep thee},
|wadchanukģas|.
{If they did not keep him},
|wadchanunkus|.
{If they did not keep us},
|wadchanukģogkus|.
{If they did not keep you},
|wadchanukģ¢gkus|.
{If they did not keep them},
|wadchanahettegkis|.

Pr‘ter tense.

1 plur.
{If we did not pay thee},
|Paumunģogkus|.
{If we did not pay him},
|paumoogkutus|.
{If we did not pay you},
|paumunģ•gkus|.
{If we did not pay them},
|paumoogkutus|.

2 plur.
{If ye did not pay me},
|Paumee¢gkus|.
{If ye did not pay him},
|paumo¢gkus|.
{If ye did not pay us},
|paumeeogkus|.
{If ye did not pay them},
|paumo¢gkus|.

3 plur.
{If they did not pay me},
|Paumehettegkis|.
{If they did not pay thee},
|paumukģas|.
{If they did not pay him},
|paumunkus|.
{If they did not pay us},
|paumukģogkus|.
{If they did not pay you},
|paumukģ•gkus|.
{If they did not pay them},
|paumahettegkis|.

<58>

The Indefinite Mode.

Present tense.

{Not to keep},
|Wadchanounat|

Present tense.

{Not to pay},
|Paummu“unat|.

The third Person of the Suffix form Animate Negative is found
expressible in this Mode Indefinite: As

3 sing.
{Not to keep me},
|Nģwadchanukģunat|.
{Not to keep thee}
|kģwadchanukģunat|.
{Not to keep him},
|ģwadchanounat|.
{Not to keep us},
|nģwadchanukģunnanonut|.
{Not to keep you},
|kģwadchanukģunnaout|.
{Not to keep them},
|ģwadchanounat|.

3 sing.
{Not to pay me},
|Nuppaumunkģunat|.
{Not to pay thee},
|kuppaumukģunat|.
{Not to pay him},
|uppaumounat|.
{Not to pay us},
|nuppaumukģunnanonut|.
{Not to pay you},
|kuppaumukģunnaout|.
{Not to pay them},
|uppaumounnaout|.

So much for the Suffix form Animate Negative.

<59>

The Suffix form Animate Causative is not universally applicable
to this Verb; neither have I yet fully beat it out: onely in
some chief wayes of the use of it in Speech I shall here set down,
leaving the rest for afterwards, if God will, and that I live to adde
unto this beginning.

Affirmative.

1
{I cause thee to keep me},
|kģwadchanumwahesh nuhhog|.
{I cause thee to keep him},
|kģwadchanumwahunun|.
{I cause thee to keep them},
|kģwadchanumwahunununk|.

2
{Thou makest me keep him},
|Kģwadchanumwahen|.
{Thou makest me keep them}.
|kģwadchanumw heneunk|.

3
{He maketh me keep him},
|Nģwadchanumwahikqunuh|.
{He maketh me keep them},
|nah nģwadchanwahikquh|.

Negative.

1
{I cause thee not to keep me}.
|kģwadchanwahģh nuhhog|
{I cause thee not to keep him},
|kģwadchanumwahunģun|.
{I cause thee not to keep them},
|kģwadchanumwahunģunk|.

2
{Thou makest me not keep him},
|Kģwadchanumwah‚in|.
{Thou makest me not keep them},
|kģwadchanumwaheinunk|.

3
{He maketh me not keep him},
|nģwadchanumwahikģunuh|
{He maketh me not keep them},
Ibid.

Imperative Mode.

Affirmative.
{Make me keep him},
|Wadchanumwaheh n noh|.
{Make me keep them},
|Nah wadchanumwaheh|.

Negative.
{Make me not keep him},
|Wadchanumwahehkon|.
{Make me not keep them},
Ibid.

Suppositive Mode.

Affirmative.
{If thou make me keep him},
|Wadchanumwahean yeuoh|.

Negative.
{If thou make me not keep him},
|Wadchanumwaheean|.

<60>

I Was purposed to put in no more Paradigms of Verbs; but
considering that all Languages (so farre as I know) and this
also, do often make use of the Verb Substantive Passive, and in
the reason of Speech it is of frequent use: Considering also that
it doth differ in its formation from other Verbs, and that Verbals
are often derived out of this form, as |Wadchanittuonk|, {Salvation},
&c. &c. I have therefore here put down an Example
thereof.

The Verb Substantive Passive.

|Nģwadchanit|,  {I am kept}.

Indicative Mode.
Present tense.

sing.
{I am kept},
|Nģwadchanit|.
{Thou art kept},
|kģwadchanit|.
{He is kept},
|wadchanau|.

Present tense.

plur.
{We are kept},
|Nģwadchanitteamun|.
{Ye are kept},
|kģwadchanitteamwģ|.
{They are kept},
|wadchanoog|.

Pr‘ter tense.

sing.
{I was kept},
|Nģwadchanitteap|.
{Thou wast kept},
|kģwadchanitteap|.
He was kept},
|wadchanop|.

Pr‘ter tense.

plur.
{We were kept},
|Nģwadchanitteamun¢nup|.
{Ye were kept},
|kģwadchanitteamw¢p|.
{They were kept},
|wadchanopanneg|.

<61>

Imperative Mode.

sing.
{Let me be kept},
|Wadchanitteadti|.
{Be thou kept},
|wadchanitteash|.
{Let him be kept},
|wadchanaj|.

plur.
{Let us be kept},
|Wadchanitteatuh|.
{Be ye kept},
|wadchanitteak|.
{Let them be kept},
|wadchanaj|.

Optative Mode.

Present tense.

sing.
{I wish I be kept},
|Nģwaadchanittean-toh|.
{I wish thou be kept},
|kģwaadchanittean-toh|.
{I wish he be kept},
|waadchanon-toh|.

Present tense.

plur.
{I wish we be kept},
|Nģwaadchanitteanan-toh
{I wish ye be kept},
|kģwaadchanitteaneau-toh|.
{I wish they be kept},
|waadchanoneau-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

sing.
{I wish I was kept},
|Nģwaadchanitteanaz-toh|.
{I wish thou wast kept},
|kģwaadchanitteanaz-toh|.
{I wish he was kept},
|waadchan•naz-toh|.

Pr‘ter tense.

plur.
{I wish we were kept},
|Nģwaadchanitteanan•nuz-toh|.
{I wish ye were kept},
|kģwaadchanitteanaouz-toh|.
{I wish they were kept},
|waadchanonaouz-toh|.

<62>

Suppositive Mode.

Present tense.

sing.
{When I am kept},
|Wadchanitteaon|.
{When thou art kept},
|wadchanitteaan|.
{When he is kept},
|wadchanit noh|.

Present tense.

plur.
{When we are kept},
|Wadchanitteaog|.
{When ye are kept},
|wadchanittea¢g|.
{When they are kept},
|wadchanit nag|.

The Pr‘ter tense is formed by adding [|us| or | s|] unto the
Present tense.

Indefinite Mode.

|Wadchanitt‚in t|, {To be kept}.


The form Negative of the Verb Substantive Passive.

Indicative Mode.

Present tense.

sing.
{I am not kept},
|Nģwadchanitte•h|.
{Thou art not kept},
|kģwadchanitte•h|.
{He is not kept},
|Mat wadchanau|.

Present tense.

plur.
{We are not kept},
|Nģwadchanitteoumun|.
{Ye are not kept},
|kģwadchanitteoumwģ|.
{They are not kept},
|Mat wadchanoog|.

Pr‘ter tense.

sing.
{I was not kept},
|Nģwadchanitteohp|.
{Thou wast not kept},
|kģwadchaniitteohp|.
{He was not kept},
|Mat wadchan“uop|.

Pr‘ter tense.

plur.
{We were not kept},
|nģwadchanitteoumunnonup|.
{Ye were not kept},
|kģwadchanitteoumwop|
{They were not kept},
|Mat wadchanoop|.

<63>

Imperative Mode of the form Negative Passive.

sing.
{Be thou not kept},
|Wadchanittuhkon|.
{Let not him be kept},
|wadchittekitch|.

plur.
{Be not ye kept},
|Wadchanittuhkģk|.
{Let not them be kept},
|wadchanittekhettich|.

Suppositive Mode Passive Negative.

Present tense.

sing.
{When I am not kept},
|Wadchaneumuk|.
{When thou art not kept},
|wadchaninģmuk|.
{When he is not kept},
|wadchan¢muk|.

Present tense.

The Plural is formed by
adding (|Mat|) unto the
form Affirmative.

The Pr‘ter tense is formed by adding [|us| or | s|] to the Present
tense.


The Indefinite Mode Passive Negative.

|Wadchnan¢un t|, {Not to be kept}.


<64-65>

A TABLE of the Grammar of the Suffix Verbs Affirmative,
wherein onely the Suffixes, viz. The Grammatical
Addition after the word, are set down: As for the Affix or
Prefix, you may observe it is used onely in the Indicative and
Optative Modes; The Imperative and Suppositive Modes lay it
by, and are varied onely by the Suffix.  Also note, that [{I  him}]
and [{Thou  him}] in the Indicative Mode, is the Radicall
word with the Affix; and [{Do thou  him}] in the Imperative
Mode, is the Radical word without any Affix or Suffix: and
what is prefixed or suffixed to the Radix, is Grammar.

<64>

Indicative Mode.

Present tense.

1
1 |oush|
2 {radic.}
3 |unumwģ|
4 |oog|

2
1 |eh| or |ah|
2 {radic}.
3 |imun|
4 |oog|

3
1 |uk|
2 |uk|
3 |oh| or |uh|
4 |ukqun|
5 |ukkou|
6 |oh| or |uh|

1
1 |unumun|
2 |¢un|
3 |unumun|
4 |¢un¢nog|

2
1 |imwģ|
2 |au|
3 |imun|
4 |auoog|

3
1 |ukquog|
2 |ukquog|
3 |ouh|
4 |ukqunonog|
5 |ukģoog|
6 |ouh|


Pr‘ter tense.

1
1 |unup|
2 |¢p|
3 |unumwop|
4 |opanneg|

2
1 |ip|
2 |op|
3 |imun¢nup|
4 |opanneg|

3
1 |ukup|
2 |ukup|
3 |opoh|
4 |ukqun¢nup|
5 |ukģwop|
6 |opoh|

1
1 |unumun¢nup|
2 |¢un¢nup|
3 |unumun¢nup|
4 |¢un¢nuppanneg|

2
1 |imwop|
2 |auop|
3 |imun¢nup|
4 |auopanneg|

3
1 |ukuppanneg|
2 |ukuppanneg|
3 |auopuh|
4 |ukqun¢nuppanneg|
5 |ukģ¢panneg|
6 |auopoh|

Imperative Mode.

1
1 |unutti|
2 |onti|
3 |unnonkqutch|
4 |onti|

2
1 |eh|
2 {radic}.
3 |innean|
4 {radic}.

3
1 |itch|
2 |ukqush|
3 |onch|
4 |ukqutteuh|
5 |ukģk|
6 |onch|

1
1 |unuttuh|
2 |ontuh|
3 |unuttuh|
4 |ontuh|

2
1 |egk| or |ig|
2 |¢k|
3 |innean|
4 |¢k|

1 |ukquttei| or |‚hettich|
2 |ukqush|
3 |ahettich|
4 |ukqutteuh|
5 |ukģk|
6 |ahettich|

<65>

Optative Mode.

Present tense.

1
1 |unon|
2 |on|
3 |uneau|
4 |¢neau|

2
1 |in|
2 |on|
3 |unean|
4 |¢neau|

3
1 |ukqun|
2 |ukqun|
3 |on|
4 |ukqun n|
5 |ukquneau|
6 |on|

1
1 |unan|
2 |¢n n|
3 |un n|
4 |¢n n|

2
1 |uneau|
2 |oneau|
3 |unean|
4 |¢neau|

3
1 |ukquneau|
2 |ukquneau|
3 |¢neau|
4 |ukqun n|
5 |ukquneau|
6 |¢neau|

Pr‘ter tense.

1
1 |ununaz|
2 |¢naz|
3 |ununna¢uz|
4 |¢na¢uz|

2
1 |ineaz|
2 |onaz|
3 |unean¢nuz|
4 |¢na¢uz|

3
1 |ukqunaz|
2 |ukqunaz|
3 |¢naz|
4 |ukqunan¢nuz|
5 |ukquna¢uz|
6 |onaouz|

1
1 |unan¢nuz|
2 |¢nan¢nuz|
3 |unan¢nuz|
4 |¢nanonuz|

2
1 |inea¢uz|
2 |¢na¢uz|
3 |ineanonuz|
4 |¢naouz|

3
1 |ukqunaouz|
2 |ukqunaouz|
3 |¢naouz|
4 |ukqunanonuz|
5 |ukquna¢uz|
6 |¢na¢uz|

Suppositive Mode.

Present tense.

1
1 |unon|
2 |og|
3 |unog|
4 |og|

2
1 |ean|
2 |adt| or |at|
3 |eog|
4 |adt| or |at|

3
1 |it|
2 |ukquean|
3 |ont|
4 |ukqueog|
5 |ukque¢g|
6 |ont|

1
1 |unog|
2 |ogkut|
3 |unog|
4 |ogkut|

2
1 |e¢g|
2 |¢g|
3 |e¢g|
4 |•g|

3
1 |hettit|
2 |ukquean|
3 | hettit|
4 |ukqueog|
5 |ukque¢g|
6 |ahettit|

Pr‘ter tense.

1
1 |unos|
2 |ogkus|
3 |un¢gkus|
4 |ogkus|

2
1 |eas|
2 |as|
3 |egkus|
4 | s|

3
1 |is|
2 |ukqueas|
3 |os|
4 |ukqueogkus|
5 |ukque“gkus|
6 |os|

1
1 |unogkus|
2 |ogkutus|
3 |unogkus|
4 |ogkutus|

2
1 |e¢gkus|
2 |•gkus|
3 |e¢gkus|
4 |¢gkus|

3
1 |ehettis|
2 |ukqueas|
3 |ahettis|
4 |ukqueogkus|
5 |ukque¢gkus|
6 |ahettis|

Onely remember that [|toh|] is to be annexed
unto every person and variation in this
Mode.


<66>

I Have now finished what I shall do at present: And in a word or
two to satisfie the prudent Enquirer how I found out these new wayes
of Grammar, which no other Learned Language (so farre as I know)
useth; I thus inform him: God first put into my heart a compassion
over their poor Souls, and a desire to teach them to know Christ, and to
bring them into his Kingdome.  Then presently I found out (by Gods
wise providence) a pregnant witted young man, who had been a Servant
in an English house, who pretty well understood our Language,
better then he could speak it, and well understood his own Language,
and hath a clear pronunciation: Him I made my Interpreter.  By his
help I translated the Commandments, the Lords Prayer, and many
Texts of Scripture: also I compiled both Exhortations and Prayers
by his help.  I diligently marked the difference of their Grammar
from ours: When, I found the way of them, I would pursue a Word,
a noun, a verb, through all variations I could think of.  And thus
I came at it.  We must not sit still and look for Miracles: Up,
and be doing, and the Lord will be with thee.  Prayer and Pains,
through Faith in Christ Jesus, will do any thing.  Nil tam deficile
quod non -- I do believe and hope, that the Gospel shall be spread to
all the Ends of the Earth, and dark Corners of the World, by such a
way, and by such Instruments as the Churches shall send forth for
that end and purpose.  Lord hasten those good dayes, and pour out that
good Spirit upon thy people.  Amen.


FINIS.