İ1884 Laurent New familiar dialoguesŞ NEW FAMILIAR ABENAKIS AND ENGLISH DIALOGUES The first ever published on the grammatical system BY JOS. LAURENT, Abenakis Chief QUEBEC PRINTED BY LEGER BROUSSEAU 9, Buade Street 1884 <3> NEW FAMILIAR ABENAKIS AND ENGLISH DIALOGUES The first Vocabulary ever published in the Abenakis language, comprising: THE ABENAKIS ALPHABET, The Key to the Pronunciation AND MANY GRAMMATICAL EXPLANATIONS, ALSO SYNOPTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS SHOWING THE NUMEROUS MODIFICATIONS OF THE ABENAKIS VERB, &c. TO WHICH IS ADDED The Etymology of Indian Names OF CERTAIN LOCALITIES, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., &c. ORIGINAL EDITION BY JOS. LAURENT, Abenakis, Chief of the Indian Village of St. Francis, P. Q. ({Sozap Lol“ Kizit“gw}) 1884 <5> PREFACE The primary intention, the chief aim of the Editor in publishing this book, is to aid the young generation of the Abenakis tribe in learning English. It is also intended to preserve the {uncultivated} Abenakis language from the gradual alterations which are continually occurring from want, of course, of some proper work showing the grammatical principles upon which it is dependent. Hence the many remarks and explanations which are to be found all through this book: {ciphers}, {italics}, {etc., etc.}, employed in view to extend its utility. As no pains have been spared to render as easy as possible the learning of the pronunciation, and the signification of every Indian word inserted in this book, and that the Abenakis language contains no articulations <6> that the English vocal organs are not accustomed to, the writer hopes that many of the white people will be glad to avail themselves of the advantage and facility thus afforded to them for becoming acquainted in some measure, and with very little trouble, with that truly {admirable} language of those Aborigines called {Abenakis}, which, from the original word {W“banaki}, means: peasant or inhabitant from the East. May this little volume, which will learn the white man how the Abenakis vocal organs express God's attributes, the names of the various objects of the creation: beasts, birds, fishes, trees, fruits, etc., etc., and how extended are the modifications of the Abenakis verb, be welcomed by the white as well as by the red man, and its errors and defects overlooked with indulgence. SOZAP LOLO, {alias}, JOS. LAURENT. <7> THE ABENAKIS ALPHABET Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo (O' “, nasal) Pp Ss Tt Uu Ww Zz Vowels Aa Ei Ii Oo (O'“) Uu Diphthongs ai ao a“ ia io i“ iu ua ue ui u“ <8> SYLLABLES in progressive scale 1. a i o “ u 2. ba bi bo da do d“ ga hi jo k“ la me ni po s“ ta w“ zo 3. ban den gin j“n kas les mon n“p hla (or lha) taw m“w ton gua gai ku“ kwa gui pia wia 4. dagw makw gu“n kw“n mska kigw ngue tegw tukw skua chan chiz 5. laskw gaskw pskwa lhagw pkuam pkwak wzukw wskit 6. bapskw gapskw sipskw lhakws mskagw l“mskw <9> Words and Syllables 1. Monosyllables. {U}, `here'; {ti}, `tea'; {moz}, `moose'; {sen}, `stone'; {sibs}, `duck'; {skog}, `snake'; {k“gw}, `porcupine'. 2. Dissyllables. {A-b“n}, `cake', {si-bo}, `river'; {nol-ka}, `deer'; {m“lsem}, `wolf'; {w“-boz}, `elk'; {A-kigw}, `seal'. 3. Trisyllables. {Sa-n“-ba}, `man', {Al-n“-ba}, `Indian'; {pas-to-ni}, `American'; {pa-po-les}, `whip-poor-will'; {pskwa-sa-w“n}, `flower'. 4. Polysyllables. {A-b“n-k“-gan}, `oven'; {kio-da-win-no}, `traveller'; {p“-ba-tam-win-no}, `a christian'; {wi-ges-mo-win-no}, `drunkard'; {a-ia-mi-ha-wiga-migw}, `church', ({lit. meaning}: `house of prayer'). <10> Key of the Pronunciation The {fifteen consonants} of the Abenakis Alphabet are sounded, as in English, {b}, {d} final being always sounded respectively, as {p}, {t}: {Azib}, `sheep' (/azip/); {Tab‹d}, `David', (/Tabit/). {G} is always {hard}, as in {good}, {begin}: {pego}, `gum'; {tego}, `wave'. The {joined} letters {ch} have a {lingual-dental} sound, that is to say softer (more slender) than {ch} in the English words {chin}, {watch}: {chibai}, `ghost'; {chiga?} `when?' {J} is sounded like {ch}: {Kabij}, `cabbage', (/kabich./) {Ph}, must not be sounded as {f}, because this letter is not in use in the Abenakis language. Thus, {phanem}, `woman', must be articulated nearly as if its proper orthography was {pe-ha-nem}, expressed in two syllables (/p'ha-nem/), <11> with an aspirate sound to the first, owing to the presence of {h}, which is always, more or less aspirated. All the consonants must be sounded: {namas}, `fish'; {m“lsem}, `wolf'; {abon}, `bed'. There is no exception. When a consonant (so as a vowel) is {doubled}--thus: {bb}, {nn}, {tt}--the two letters are to be sounded as one, the sound being {prolonged}; as in the following sentence: {n'winow“ziibba nitta}, `I should have petitioned forthwith'. The Vowels are sounded as in the following scale: {A} as in {master}: {abaznoda}, `basket'; {E} as in {label}: {pelaz}, `pigeon'; {I} as in {indian}: {ligu“ns“gan}, `thimble'; {O} as in {notice}: {todosn“bo}, `milk'; {U} is sounded as {u} in {union}: 1. When it occurs alone; 2. When it is first in a word; 3. When it is preceded by {i}: {u nia}, <12> `this is mine'; {ulil niuna}, `these are ours'. But when {u} is preceded by a consonant other than {g} or {k}, it is sounded like {e} (Abenakis). Thus we could as well articulate {niben}, `summer', by {ni-bun}. The diphthongs are sounded thus: {Ai} as {i} in {wine}: {n'-d-ain}, `I am present'; {Ao} as {o} in {how}: {chilao}, `he (she) is cross'; {Ia} as {ia} in {asiatĦc}: {nia}, `me, to me, I, mine'; {Io}, {iu} as {eo} in {geometric}: {wios}, `meat, flesh'; {niuna}, `us, to us, we, our, ours'; {Ua}, {ue}, {ui}, {u“}, as {wa}, {we}, {wi}, {w“}, (in Abenakis): {taguah“gan}, `mill'; {kwikueskas}, `robin'; {kwiguigem}, `black duck'; {sagu“lhigan}, `ramrod', ({analogous sound}: /ta-gwah“gan/, /kui-kwes-kas/, /kui-gwi-gem/, /sa-gw“l-higan/). {A“}, {i“}, nasal diphthongs are sounded in the same scale as {ao}, {io}, (distinct articulation of vowels in one syllable) e.g. {pa-i“}, `arrive'. <13> NEW FAMILIAR Abenakis and English DIALOGUES VOCABULARY OF GOD'S ATTRIBUTES. /Kchi Niwaskw./ `God, The Great Spirit.' /Niwaskow“gan./ `Deity.' /Niwaskw./ `Spirit.' /Wanam“nit./ `The Father.' /Wamit“gwsit./ `The Son.' /Wiji-Wliniwaskwit./ `The Holy Ghost.' /Nasichebikinawsit./ `The Trinity.' /Tabaldak./ `The Lord.' /N“nguichi-Ntat“gw./ `The Almighty.' /N“nguitegilek./ `The Omnipotent.' /Askaminnowit./ `The Eternal.' /Kdem“galdow“gan./ `Mercy.' /Sasaginnow“gan./ `Justice, Perfection.' /Sazos./ `Jesus-Christ.' /Polwakhowawinno./ `The Saviour.' /Aln“baiosow“gan./ `The Incarnation.' /Mamagahodw“gan./ `The Passion.' /Sidakwtahodw“gan./ `The Crucifixion.' /Polwakhowaw“gan./ `The Redemption.' /Spemkik Alihl“d./ `The Ascension.' <14> /Polwaw“gan./ `Salvation.' /L“git“wadw“gan./ `Adoration.' /P“batamw“gan./ `Religion.' /Wl“mawaldamw“gan./ `Faith.' /Nkawatzow“gan./ `Hope.' /Kdem“galgaw“gan./ `Charity.' OF THE HEAVENS. /Spemki./ `Heaven, Paradise.' /Asokw./ `Firmament, sky, cloud.' /Kakasakw./ `Blue sky; starry heaven.' /O'zali./ `An angel.' /Kchi “zali./ `An archangel.' /S“gm“wi Mali./ `The Virgin Mary.' /S“gm“wi Mali./ `The Holy Virgin.' /Wawasinno./ `A saint, a blessed.' /Mjejakw./ `A soul.' /Wli mjejakw./ `A blessed soul.' /Wdawasgiskwi./ `An apostle.' /Wawasi kigamowinno./ `An evangelist.' /Kisos./ `The sun; moon; month.' /P“gwas, nahnib“ssat./ `The moon.' /Alakws./ `A star.' /Kchi alakws./ `The morning, or evening star.' /Pili kisos./ `New moon.' /P“guasek./ `Moon light.' /Managu“n./ `A rainbow.' <15> OF THE ELEMENTS AND THINGS RELATING TO THEM. /Awan./ `Air.' /Kzel“msen./ `The wind; it blows.' /Wlel“msen./ `A gentle breeze.' /Wlel“msen./ `A fresh wind; fair wind.' /Kisokw./ `The weather; day;' /Wlekisgad./ `Fair or fine weather.' /Majekisgad./ `Bad weather; it is --' /Sogl“nkisgad./ `Rainy weather; it is --.' /Wdagkisgad./ `Wet weather, it is --.' /Tka/, or /tkekisgad./ `Cold weather; it is --.' /Wl“da./ `Warm weather; it is --.' /Nebi./ `Water.' /Solg“nbi./ `Rain water.' /Sibobi./ `River water.' /Tkebi./ `Spring water.' /Whawdazib“minebi./ `Well water.' /Nbisonbi/,^1. 5 `Mineral water.' /Pibganbi./ `Muddy water.' /Sobagw./ 7 `The sea, ocean.' /Mamili sobagua./ `The open sea, the high sea'; /Wisaw“gamak./ 6 `A strait; in the --, at the--.' ^1. The {ciphers} set opposite some nouns, in different parts of this book, mark the order of the plural termination to which each noun belongs; those terminations being: 1, {ak}; 2, {ik}; 3, {ok}; 4, {k}; 5, {al}; 6, {il}; 7, {ol}, 8, {l}. It must be observed, however, that the second termination (/ik/) requires always, before its annexation to the noun, the change of the final {d} or {t} into {j}: /Kabh“zit/, `prisoner', pl. /Kabh“zijik/; (/notkuaag/, `pilot', pl. /notkuaagik/). The final letter {w} in {gw}, {kw}, must be suppressed before the annexation of the 7th termination (/ol/). <16> /Senojiwi./ `The bank, the shore.' /Nebes/, (/-ek/) 5 `A lake; (at, to the --.)' /Nebessis./ 5 `A pond.' /W“ljebagw./ 7 `A marsh.' /Sibo/, (/tegw/, /ttegw./) 5 `A river.' /Sibosis./ 5 `A brook, stream.' /Panjahl“k./ 6 `A cascade, a waterfall.' /P“ntegw./ 7 `A rapid.' /Kchi p“ntegw./ 7 `A grand rapid.' /Tego{ak}./ `The waves.' /Ki/, {or} /Kdakinna./ `The earth; the globe.' /Towipegw./ `Dust.' /Pegui./ `Sand.' /Sen“mkol./ `Gravel.' /Azesko./ `Mud.' /Senis./ `A pebble.' /Sen./ `A stone.' /Masipskw./ `A flint.' /Mskoda./ `A plain.' /Wajo/, (/aden./) `A mountain.' /Kajigapskw./ `A steep rock.' /K“kajigapskw./ 7 `An extended steeprock.' /Menahan./ 7 `An island.' /Senojisobagwa./ `The sea-coast.' /Skweda./ `Fire, flame.' /Chekelas./ 1 `Spark.' /Pekeda./ `Smoke.' /Wiboda./ `Soot.' /Skwedaipegui./ `Ashes.' METEORS, SHIPS, Etc. /Wl“da./ `Heat; there is --.' /Tka./ `Cold; it is --.' /Tkawansen./ `Cool air; it is cool.' <17> /Pakwsatakisgad./ `Dry weather; it is --.' /Wdagkisgad./ `Damp weather; it is --.' /Awan./ `The air; vapour, fog.' /Mnasokw./ `A cloud.' /Pesgawan./ `Foggy; it is --.' /Sogl“n. `Rain; it rains.' /Ps“n./ `It snows.' /Waz“li./ `Snow.' /Nebiskat./ `Dew.' /Kladen./ `Frost; it is frozen.' /Sikwla./ `Glazed frost.' /Weskata./ `Thaw; it thaws.' /Pkuami/; /pkuamiak./ `Ice; icicles.' /Pabadegw./ 3 `Hail.' /Pad“gi./ 1 `Thunder.' /Nanamkiapoda./ `An earthquake; there is --.' /Petguel“msen./ `A whirlwind; there is --.' /Ktolagw./ 7 `A vessel; ship; frigate.' /Abodes./ 5 `A launch, a yawl.' /Pados./ 5 `A boat.' /Stimbot./ 5 `A steamer.' /Mdawakwam./ 1 `The mast.' /Sibakhigan{al}./ `The sails.' /Wlokuahigan./ 5 `The rudder.' /Pihanak./ `The ropes.' /Mdawagen./ 7 `The flag.' /Wskidolagua./ `The deck; on the --.' /Al“molagua./ `The hold; in the --.' /Al“msagw./ 7 `Cabin, chamber.' /Al“msagok./ `In the cabin, -- chamber.' /Kaptin./ 1 `The captain.' <18> /Komi./ 1 `The clerk.' /Notkuaag./ 2 `The pilot.' /Pgoisa{k}./ `The sailors, the crew.' /Nodaksit./ 2 `A seaman.' THE SEASONS.' /Siguan./ `Spring.' /Siguana./ `Last spring.' /Nialisiguana./ `A year ago last spring.' /Siguaga./ `Next spring.' /Siguaniwi./ `In spring.' /Niben./ `Summer.' /Nibena./ `Last summer.' /Nialitnibena./ `A year ago last summer.' /Nibega./ `Next summer.' /Nibeniwi./ `In summer.' /Tagu“go./ `Autumn, fall.' /Tagu“gua./ `Last fall.' /Nialitagu“gua./ `A year ago last fall.' /Tagu“giga./ `Next fall.' /Tagu“gowiwi./ `In fall year.' /Pebon./ `Winter.' /Pebona./ `Last winter.' /Nialippona./ `A year ago last winter.' /Peboga./ `Next winter.' /Peboniwi./ `In winter.' THE MONTHS. /Alamikos./ `January.' /Pia“dagos./ `February.' /Mozokas./ `March.' /Sogalikas./ `April.' /Kikas./ `May.' <19> /Nakkahigas./ `June.' /Temaskikos./ `July.' /Temez“was./ `August.' /Skamonkas./ `September.' /Penibagos./ `October.' /Mzatanos./ `November.' /Pebonkas./ `December.' THE DAYS OF THE WEEK. /Sanda./ `Sunday.' /Kizsanda./ Monday.' /Nisda alokan./ `Tuesday.' /Nseda alokan./ `Wednesday.' /Iawda alokan./ `Thursday.' /Skawatukwikisgad./ `Friday.' /Kadawsanda./ `Saturday.' DIVISION OF TIME. /Kisokw./ `The day; a day.' /Kisgadiwi./ `In day time.' /Tebokw./ `The night.' /Nib“iwi./ `In the night.' /Sp“sowiwi./ `In the morning.' /Wl“gwiwi./ `In the evening; /Paskua./ `Noon; it is noon.' /Paskuak./ `At noon.' /N“witebakad./ `Midnight; it is midnight' /N“witebakak./ `At midnight.' /S“khipozit kisos./ `Sunrise; at sunrise.' /Nakilh“t kisos./ `Sunset, at sunset.' /Pamkisgak./ `To-day.' /Paml“guik./ `This evening.' <20> /Wl“gwa./ `Yesterday.' /Saba./ `To-morrow.' /Achakuiwik./ `The next day.' /Ngued“mkipoda./ `An hour; one o'clock.' /Pabas“mkipoda./ `Half an hour.' /Minit./ `A minute.' /Pazeguen kisokw./ `A day.' /Nguetsanda./ `A week.' /Nisda sanda./ `Two weeks.' /Kisos/, or /pazeko kisos./ `A month.' /Waji m“jassaik./ `In the beginning.' /N“wiwi/ or /nan“wiwi./ `The middle; at the middle.' /Matanaskiwi./ `The end; at the end.' /Nguejigaden./ `One year.' /N“nguejigadegi./ `Annually.' MANKIND, KINDRED, ETC. /Kchai {ta} wski aln“ba/^* 1 `The father and the son.' /Kchi phanem ta wdosa/^* `The mother and the daughter.' /Al“gom“mek./ `The relation.' /Nmit“gwes./ `My father.' /Kmit“gwes./ `Thy father.' /Wmit“gwsa./ `His (her) father.' /Nigawes./ `My mother.' /Wigawessa./ `His (her) mother.' /Nmahom./ `My grandfather.' /Nokemes./ `My grandmother.' /Okemessa./ `His (her) grandmothcr.' ^* Literally: `the old man and the young man.' ^* `The old woman and her daughter.' <21> /Okemesw“./ `Their grandmother.' /Niswiak./ `My husband; my wife.' /Niswiakw./ `Thy husband, thy wife.' /Niswiidiji./ `His wife; her husband.' /Nzihlos./ `My father-in-law.' /Nzegues./ `My mother-in-law.' /Wazilmit/ or /wazilmegoa./ `My son-in-law.' /Nsem./ `My daughter-in-law.' /Kalnegoa./ `My god-father; my god-mother.' /Wskinnossis./ `A lad, a little boy.' /N“kskuasis./ `A young little girl.' /N“jikw./ `My step-father; my uncle.' /Kokemis./ `My step-mother; my aunt.' /Noses./ `My grand-son, my grand-daughter.' /Osessa./ /His (her) grand child.' /Nijia./^a 1 `My brother'; (a term peculiar to a {male}.) /Nitsakaso./^b 1 `My sister'; (term peculiar to a {female}.) /Nid“bso./ 1 `My brother'; (when the speaker is a {female}.) /Nid“bso./ 1 `My sister'; (when the speaker is a {male}.) /Nidokan./ 1 `My brother', (older than I.) ^a. /Nijia/, a term peculiar to a male, signifies also: cousin of mine, the son of my father's brother, or of my mother's sister.' ^b. /Nitsakaso/, a term peculiar to a female, signifies also: cousin of mine, the daughter of my father's brother, or of my mother's sister.' <22> /Nmessis./ 1 `My sister', (older than I.) /Nichemis./ 1 `My brother, my sister', (younger than I.) /Nn“jikw./ 1 `My uncle', (my father's brother.) /Nzasis./ 1 `My uncle', (my mother's brother,) /Nokem./ 1 `My aunt', (my father's sister.) /Nokemis./ 1 `My aunt', (my mother's sister.) /Nad“gwes./ 1 `My cousin', (the son of my father's sister, or of mother's brother.) /Nad“gwseskua./ 1 `My cousin', (a term peculiar to a {male}, which signifies: `cousin of mine, the daughter of my father's sister: or of my mother's brother.') /Nad“gwsis./ 1 `My cousin', (a term peculiar to a {female}, which signifies: cousin of mine, the daughter of my father's sister, or of my mother's brother.') /Nad“gw./ 1 `My brother-in-law', (a term peculiar to a {male}, which signifies: `my wife's brother, my sister's husband.' <23> /Nilem./ 3 `My sister-in-law', (a term peculiar to a {male}, which signifies: `my brother's wife, my wife's sister.' /Nad“gw./ 1 `My brother-in-law', (a term peculiar to a {female}, which signifies: `my husband's brother, my husband's sister.' /Nilem./ 3 `My sister-in-law', (a term peculiar to a {female}, which signifies: `my sister's husband, my brother's wife.' FUNCTIONS, HABITS, ETC. /Nasawan./ `The breathing.' /Msinasa{w“gan}./^1 `A sigh.' /K“g“lwa{w“gan}./ `A cry; a scream.' /Nakwh“mo{w“gan}./ `Sneezing.' /Chachapsolo{w“gan}./ `The hiccough, hiccup .' /Nolmukwso{w“gan}./ `Drowsiness.' /Chigualakwsow“gan./ `Snoring.' /Leguaso{w“gan}./ `A dream.' /Lal“mow“gan./ `The voice.' /Kelozow“gan./ `Speech.' ^1. In general, by suppressing the two syllables {w“-gan} from the substantives having that termination, as above, we have the indicat. pres. 3d pers. sing. of a verb; as thus: /msinasa/, `he (she) sighs'; /k“g“lwa/, `he (she) crys'; /akuamalso/, `he (she) is sick.' <24> /Ladaka{w“gan}./ `Gesture; action.' /Wligo{w“gan}./ `Beauty; goodness.' /Majigo{w“gan}./ `Ugliness; malice.' /Maskihlaidgua{w“gan}./ `Pock-marks.' /Mat“lawzo{w“gan}./ `Leanness, thinness.' /S“glamalso{w“gan}./ `Health.' SICKNESS, DISEASE. /Akuamalso{w“gan}./ `Illness; disease.' /Madamalso{w“gan}./ `Indisposition.' /Mdupina{w“gan}./ `Head-ache.' /Obid“g{w“gan}/, or /“bidawas./ `Tooth-ache .' /Wessagagza{w“gan}./ `Stomach or belly ache.' /Kezabzo{w“gan}./ `Fever.' /N“n“gipozo{w“gan}./ `Coldfits; shivering.' /Wjibilwas./ `A fit.' /Wan“damina{w“gan}./ `Hydrophobia, madness .' /Wesguina{w“gan}/ or /wesgoin“gan./ `A cold; a cough.' /Taakui nasa{w“gan}./ `Short breath.' PARTS OF THE BODY. /Mhaga./^1 5 `The body.' /Mdup./ 5 `The head.' /Wdupkuan{al}./ `The hair of the head.' 1. Whenever the {adjective possessive} /n/, /k/, or /w/, is to be prefixed to a noun expressing any part of the body, commencing in /m/; as, /mhaga/, /mdup/, /mlaw“gan/, this letter (/m/) must be suppressed before prefixing the possessive adjective: as thus: /nhaga/, `my body'; /kdup/, `your head'; /wlaw“gan/, `his ( her) heart.' <25> /Msizukw./ 7 `The face; eye.' /Mdon/; /mej“l./ `The mouth, the nose.' /Wanowa{al}./ `The cheeks; his, her --.' /Md“ppikan./ 5 `Chin.' /Wilalo./ 5 `The tongue, his, her --.' /Wibid{al}./ `The teeth, his, her --.' /Wkued“gan./ 5 `The neck; his, her --.' /Mdolka./ 5 `The stomach.' /Mlawogan./ 5 `The heart.' /Mlagzi./ 5 `The belly.' /Mlagzi{al}./ `The bowels.' /Mdelm“gan./ 1 `The shoulder.' /Wbeskuan./ 5 `The back; his, her --.' /M“igan./ 5 `The loins, the reins.' /Mzabi./ 5 `The hip.' /Wpedin/, {ta} /wk“d./ 5 `The arm and the leg.' /Melji {ta} mezid./ 5 `The hand and the foot.' /Mkeskuan./ 5 `The elbow.' /Mkedukw./ 3 `The knee.' /Mkazak./ `The nails.' /Wilideb“n {ta} win./ `The brain and the marrow.' /Pagakan./ `The blood.' /Wskan./ 4 `The bone.' /K“joak./ `The veins.' /Wejat{al}./ `The nerves.' /Wiz“wilahw“gan./ `The jaundice.' /Pzejilahw“gan./ `A fainting-fit; a swoon.' /Maskilh“gan./ `The small-pox.' /Pazisilhaw“gan./ `The measles.' /Kiwanaskualhaw“gan./ `Giddiness.' /Maguizow“gan./ `A swelling.' /Pmowa./ `A boil.' <26> /Wagsozow“gan./ `A cut (with a knife).' /Wagtahozw“gan./ `A cut (with an axe).' /Majimal“milhaw“gan./ `Hooping cough.' /Mannach“gow“gan./ `Consumption.' WEARING APPAREL. /W“h“baks./ 1 `A shirt.' /N“pkowan./ 5 `The neck tie.' /Pten“gan{ak}./ `The sleeves.' /Aal“mk“zik plejes./ `Drawers.' /Plejes./ 5 `A pair of breeches, trousers.' /L“bakhigan{al}./ `Suspenders.' /Medas{al}./ `Socks.' /Phanemi-medas{al}./ `Stockings .' /Kigan“bi{al}./ `Garters.' /Pots{al}./ `Boots.' /Mkezen{al}./ `Shoes; moccasins.' /Pitk“zon/; /silki--./ 5 `A coat; a silk gown.' /Kchi pitk“zon./ 5 `An overcoat.' /Silad./ 5 `A waistcoat; a vest .' /Pid“gan{al}./ `The pockets.' /Patnes{al}./ `The buttons.' /Patnes“lagol./ `The button-holes.' /Pitogu“ns“gan./ `The lining.' /Pigu“ns“gan./ `The trimming.' /N“bkoan./ 7 `The collar.' /Kchi-pat“n./ 5 `A cloak.' /Kwutguabizon./ 5 `A girdle; a belt.' /Pilw“ntukw./ 5 `A wig.' /Asolkw“n./ 5 `A hat.' /Moswa./ 5 `A handkerchief.' /Aalilj“muk{ik}./ `Gloves.' <27> /Naskuahon./ 1 `A comb.' /Tbah‹kisos“gan./ 5 `A watch.' /O'nkawahlagiadigan{al}./ `The chain.' /Pkwessagahigan/ 5 `The key.' /Sakhiljahon./ 5 `A ring (finger ring).' /Nibawiljahon./ 5 `A wedding-ring.' /Chigitwahigan./ 5 `A razor.' /Wsizuowaigan{al}./ `Spectacles.' /Nadialwalhakw./ 7 `A hunting-knife.' /Tmokuataigan./ 5 `A sword.' /O'badahon./ 5 `A cane; a walking-stick.' /O'badahon./ 5 `A crutch.' /Labizowan./ 5 `A petticoat.' /Al“mabizowan./ 5 `An under-petticoat.' /Tablia./ 5 `An apron.' /Phanemi-pitk“zon./ 5 `A gown.' /Kchi-moswa./ 5 `A shawl.' /Pipinawjakw“gan./ 5 `A looking-glass.' /Pinsis{ak}./ `Pins.' /Saksahon./ 5 `An ear-ring.' /Silki./ 5 `A ribbon.' /Wiz“wim“niin“kwkil./ `Jewels.' /Phanemasolkw“n./ 5 `A bonnet.' /Mskikoasolkw“n./ 5 `A straw-hat.' /Wpedin“bial./ `Bracelets.' /O'basawwan./ 1 `A fan.' /Ligu“ns“gan./ 5 `A thimble.' /Kalizad./ 5 `Flannel.' /M“m“lagen./ 7 `Calico.' /Whawlatagak./ 6 `Fine cloth, woollen cloth.' /Silki./ 5 `Silk, satin, ribbon.' /Aazatak./ 6 `Crape.' <28> OF THE TABLE, MEALS AND DISHES /Tawipodi./ 5 `A table.' /Wl“ganin“kwkil./ `Table utensils; plate.' /Papkuedan“zik./ 6 `A sideboard.' /Tawipodiagen./ 5 `The tablecloth.' /Kasiljawwan./ 5 `A towel.' /Napkin./ 5 `A napkin.' /Anasiat./ 5 `A plate; a cover.' /Nsakuakw./ 7 `A knife.' /Nimatguahigan./ 5 `A fork.' /Amku“n./ 1 `A spoon.' /Kchi wl“gan./ 5 `A soup-tureen.' /Kwatsis./ 1 `A cup.' /Aazasit./ 2 `A glass.' /Kchi aazasit./ 2 `A tumbler.' /Pot“iia./ 1 `A bottle.' /Pinagel./ `Vinegar.' /Pinageli-kwatis./ 1 `The vinegar-cruet.' /Pemi./ `Oil; grease.' /Pemii-kwatis./ 1 `The oil-cruet.' /Siwan./ `Salt.' /Siwani-kwatis./ `The salt-cellar.' /Whawiz“wjagak./ `Mustard.' /Whawiz“wjagaki-kwatis./ 1 `The mustard-pot.' /Tipwabel./ `Pepper.' /Tipwabeljnodasis./ `The pepper-box.' /Ag“mnoki-moskuas-waskw./ `Ginger.' /Lamiskad./ (fr. la muscade.) `The nutmeg.' /Sogal./ `Sugar.' /Sogali kwat./ `The sugar-basin.' <29> /O'mwaimlases./ `Honey.' /Mlases./ `Molasses, /Pkuazigan./ `Bread.' /Alipimek./ `A meal.' /Wsp“sipow“gan./ `Breakfast.' /Kasilawahosow“gan./ `The dessert; a lunch.' /Paskuaipow“gan./ `Dinner.' /Adl“gwipow“gan./ `Supper.' /Ti./ `Tea.' /Kz“bo./ `Broth; soup.' /Ns“b“n./ `Soup; corn-soup.' /Lasob/; /pizilasob./ `Soup; pea-soup.' /W“bi malomenisal./ `Rice soup; rice.' /Taliozigan./ `Boiled meat.' /Mkuejazigan./ `Roast meat.' /Lago./ `A stew.' /Segueskejakhigan./ `A fricassee; a hash.' /Kaoziia./ `Beef.' /Mkuejazigan kaoziia./ `Roast-beef.' /Kaozisiia./ `Veal.' /Azibiia./ `Mutton; lamb.' /Azibi-wpigasinol./ `Mutton-chops.' /Azibigan./ `A leg of mutton.' /Wdollo{ak}./ `Kidneys.' /Kalkia azibiia./ `A quarter of lamb.' /Piksiia./ `Pork; bacon.' /Piksi-wpigasen./ `A pork-chop.' /Wibalasigan./ `Ham.' /Podinak./ `Black pudding /Nolkaiia./ `Venison.' /Awaasiia/ or /awaaswiia./ `Game.' /Ahamoiia./ `Poultry.' /Wulguan./ `A wing.' <30> /Namas/; /namasiia./ `Fish; some fish.' /Als{ak}./ `Oysters.' /S“g{ak}./ `Lobsters.' /Nah“mo{ak}./ `Eels.' /Padates{ak}./ `Potatoes.' /Kabij./ 5 `A cabbage.' /W“wan{al}./ `Eggs.' /Taliodag{il} w“wan{al}./ `Boiled eggs.' /Wski-w“wan{al}/ or /wsk“wan{al}/ `New laid eggs.' /Pata./ 4 `A tart, a pie.' /Ab“n{ak}/ or /ab“nis{ak}./ `Cakes.' /Kalakon{ak}./ `Biscuits (sea biscuits.).' /Chiz./ `Cheese.' /Wis“wipemi./ `Butter.' /Min“bo./ `Preserves, jam.' /P“ngoks{ak}./ `Pancakes.' BEVERAGES. /Nebi./ `Water.' /Nbisonbi./ `Mineral water.' /Labial./ `Beer; ale.' /Labialsis./ `Small beer.' /Saidal./ `Cider.' /Makwbagak./ `Wine.' /Ng“ni makwbagak./ `Old wine.' /Wski makwbagak./ `New wine.' /W“bi makwbagak./ `White wine.' /Plachm“ni makwbagak./ `French wine.' /Akwbi./ `Rum.' /Weski./ `Whiskey.' /Jin./ `Gin.' /Blandi./ `Brandy.' /Kadosmo“ganal./ `Liquors.' <31> FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES. /Aples./ 1 `An apple.' /Aplesakuam./ 1 `An apple-tree.' /Azawanimen./ 1 `A plum.' /Azawanimenakuam./ 1 `A plum-tree.' /Adbimen./ 5 `A cherry.' /Adbimenakuam./ 1 `A cherry-tree.' /Wasawas./ 5 `An orange.' /M“l“gowimen{al}./ `Grapes.' /Somen{ak}./ `Raisins.' /Pag“n/; /pag“nis./ 5 `A walnut; a hazle nut.' /Sgueskimen{ak}./ `Raspberries.' /Sgueskimenimozi./ `A raspberry-bush.' /Mskikoimins{ak}./ `Strawberries.' /Psakwdamen{ak}./ `Mulberries.' /Adotomen{al}./ 1 `Beam-tree berries.' /Pessimen{al}./ `Currants.' /Wajoimen{al}./ `Beech-nuts.' /Sata./ 8 `Blue-berry.' /Satamozi./ 5 `Blue-berry bush.' /Piches{ak}./ `Peaches.' /K“wakwimen./ 1 `A gooseberry.' /Pag“nis{al}./ `Chestnuts; filberts.' /Anaskemen./ 5 `An acorn.' /Popokua./ 8 `A cranberry.' FOREST-TREES, FLOWERS, ETC.' /Anaskemezi./ 1 `An oak.' /Anibi./ 1 `An elm.' /Wawabibagw./ 3 `A poplar.' /Wajoimizi. 1 `A beech.' /Mahlakws./ 1 `An ash.' /Senomozi./ 1 `A maple.' <32> /Maskwamozi./ 1 `A birch.' /Wdopi./ 5 `An alder-tree.' /Kokokh“akw./ 3 `A fir-tree.' /Saskib./ 5 `An elder.' /Kanozas./ 1 `A willow.' /M“l“dagw./ 3 `A cedar.' /Wigbimizi./ 1 `Bass-wood.' /Chignazakuam./ 1 `A thorn-tree.' /Moskwaswaskw./ 7 `The sweet-flag.' /Maskwazimenakuam./ 1 `A wild-cherry tree.' /Nibimenakuam./ 1 `A bush-cranberry tree.' /Alnisedi./ 1 `A hemlock.' /Sagask“dagw./ 3 `Ground-hemlock.' /Pasaakw./ 3 `A red pine.' /Msoakw./ 3 `A dry tree; decayed wood.' /Temanakw./ 7 `A stub, or a broken tree.' /Papagakanilh“k./ `Bloodroot.' /Ahadbak./ `Avensroot.' /Aln“bai tipoabel./ `Wild ginger.' /Chijis./ 1 `Wild onion.' /Masozi{al}./ `Ferns.' /Skib“./ 4 `The ground-nut or indian potato.' /Asakuam./ `Moss.' /Wanibagw./ 7 `A leaf.' /Wlemskw./ 7 `A blossom.' /Wajapk./ 7 `A root.' /Kawasen./ 3 `A wind-fall.' /Walagaskw./ 3 `Bark.' /Maskwa./ 8 `Birch-bark.' /Pska“tkwen./ 7 `A branch.' /Wskidakuam./ `The sap.' <33> /Al“makuam./ `The heart of a tree.' /Awazon{al}./ `Fuel, firewood.' /Msazesso./ 1 `White spruce.' /Mskak./ 1 `Black spruce.' /P“bn“dageso./ 1 `Tamarac.' /Sas“gsek./ `Sarsaparilla.' MECHANICAL ARTS, ETC. /Noji-kad“bidaphowad./ 2 `A dentist.' /Noji-paskhiganikat./ 2 `A gun-smith.' /Noji-tbakwnigad./ 2 `A land surveyor.' /Noji-chigetowawwat./ 2 `A barber.' /Noji-asesw“bikad./ 2 `A harness-maker.' /Nodbaadigat./ 2 `A washer-woman.' /Nodkwahid./ 2 `A woodman, wood cutter.' /Nodab“nkad./ 2 `A baker.' /M“ni nojinademiwad./ 2 `A banker; a broker.' /Nod“nkolh“d./ 2 A merchant.' /Noji-pakhiminad./ 2 `A thresher.' /Noji-m“nikad./ 2 `A jeweller.' /Nodasolkw“nkat./ 2 `A hatter.' /Nojikkad./ 2 `A carpenter; joiner.' /Nod“jiphowad./ 2 `A carter; carman.' /Nojigu“nsad./ 2 `A seamster; tailor.' /Nojigu“nsaskua./ 4 `A seamster.' /Nodagis“wad./ 2 `A tailor.' /Nodatebit./ 2 `A cook.' /Notkezenikad./ 2 `A shoemaker.' /Klosli./ 1 `A grocer.' /Nodalhagokad./ 2 `A blacksmith.' /Noji-papawijokad./ 2 `A tinsmith.' /Noji-pskwasaw“nkad./ 2 `A florist.' <34> /Noji-tbaikisos“ganikad./ 2 `A watch-maker.' /Mah“wad./ 2 `A landlord.' /Mah“wadiskwa./ 4 `A landlady.' /Soghebat./ 2 `An inn-keeper; hotel-keeper.' /Noji-alnalhakwawighigad./ 2 `A printer.' /Notkaz“wad./ 2 `A plough-man.' /Noji-kawakwnigad./ 2 `A reaper.' /Nodapskenigad./ 2 `A mason.' /Nodapskaigad./ 2 `A stone-cutter, /Nottahasid./ 2 `A miller.' /Noji-nbizonhowad./ 2 `A physician, a doctor.' /Nadazoonigad./ 2 `A horse-dealer.' /Noji-wiz“wim“nikad./ 2 `A gold-smith.' /Nod“mad./ 2 `A fisherman.' /Noji-sezowigad./ 2 `A painter.' /Nodatsigad./ 2 `A tanner, a dyer.' /Noji-abaznodakad./ 2 `A basket-maker.' /Noji-tbelodmowinno./ 1 `An advocate, a barrister.' /Nodawighigad./ 2 `A notary public.' /Noji-s“glitigad./ 2 `A registrar.' /Noji-m“niad./ 2 `A treasurer.' /Nod“baktahigad./ 2 `A fidler.' /Noji-pakholid./ 2 `A drummer.' /Notkikad./ 2 `A sower; a tiller.' /Nadialwinno./ 1 `A hunter.' /Notkuaag./ 2 `A pilot.' OF THE SEA. /Sobagw./ 7 `The ocean; the sea.' /Mani menahanikak./ 6 `An archipelago; at the --.' /Menahan./ 7 `An island.' <35> /Menahanakamigw./ 7 `A peninsula.' /Senodkamigwa/, /senojiwi. `The shore.' /Pamkaak./ `The coast.' /Wisaw“gamak./ 6 `A strait.' /Tego{ak}./ `The waves.' /Awiben./ `A calm; it is --.' /Pitah./ `The foam; the froth.' /Pamapskak./ 6 `A rock.' /Mamilah“mak./ 6 `A promontory.' /O'daw“mkak./ 6 `A sand bank.' /Kzel“msen./ `The wind; -- blows.' /Petguel“msen./ `A whirlwind.' /Kokw./ 1 `A whirlpool.' DOMESTIC ANIMALS, WILD QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, FURS AND SKINS.' /Ases/, /aaso./ 1 `A horse.' /N'-d-aasom./ 1 `My horse.' /Kaoz/; (/ -- awa./) 1 `A cow'; (`a -- hide.') /Wski asesis./ 1 `A colt; a filly.' /Aksen./ 1 `An ox.' /Kaozis./ 1 `A calf; a heifer.' /Sponioli ases./ 1 `A mule; an ass.' /Azib/; (/ -- awa/) 1 `A sheep'; (`a -- skin.') /Azibis./ 1 `A lamb.' /Kots/; /kotsis./ 1 `A goat; a kid.' /Minowis/, /pezois./ 1 `A cat.' /Alemos/, /adia./ 1 `A dog.' /Wski alemos./ 1 `A young dog.' /N-d-amis./ 1 `My dog.' /Piges/, /piks/; /{piksak}/ `A pig'; `pigs.' /Pit“lo./ 1 `A lion.' <36> /M“lsem/; (/ --is./) 3 `A wolf'; (`a young --.') /W“kwses./ 1 `A fox.' /Pakesso./ 1 `A partridge.' /Mateguas./ 1 `A hare; a rabbit.' /Mikowa./ 1 `A squirrel.' /W“bikwsos./ 1 `A mouse.' /Tmakwa/; (/ --awa./) 4 `A beaver'; (`-- skin') (/Tmakwaiia/, `Beaver meat.') /Moskuas/; (/ --wawa./) `A muskrat'; ( `-- skin.') /Wnegigw./ 1 `An otter.' /Wlanigw/; (/ --sis./) 1 `A fisher'; (`a young --.') /Mosbas./ 1 `A mink.' /Apanakes./ 1 `A marten, sable.' /Psanigw./ 1 `A black squirrel.' /Planigw./ 1 `A flying squirrel.' /Moz/; (/--agen/; / --ia./) 1 `Moose'; ( `-- skin'; `--meat.') /Mag“libo/; (/--awa./) 1 `A carribou'; (`a -- skin.') /Nolka/; (/ --iia./) 4 `A deer'; (`venison.') /K“gw/; (/--is./) 1 `A porcupine.' (`a young --.') /Saguasis./ 1 `A weasel.' /Akigw/; (/--awa./) 1 `A seal'; (`a -- skin.') /Akigwawaiia./ `Of seal-skin.' /Seg“gw./ 1 `A skunk.' /Awasos./ 1 `A bear.' /Pziko/; (/--makwsessis./) `A buffalo'; (`a yearling --.') /Pziko aioba./ (pl. /--ak --k/) `A male buffalo, a bull.' /Pziko allha./^* (pl. /--ak --k/) `A female buffalo.' ^* Spell: /al-lha/; <37> /Pziko kadnadokw./ 1 `A two year old buffalo.' /Wdosoallha peziko./ `A three year old buffalo.' /Anikwses./ 1 `A "striped squirrel."' /Asban./ 1 `A racoon.' /Agaskw./ 3 `A woodchuck.' /Sips/; /sibsis./ 1 `A bird'; `a little bird.' /Sips n“balha/^* (pl. /--ak --k/) `A male bird.' /Sips skualha/^* (pl. /--ak --k/) `A female bird.' /Mgeso/; /mgesois./ 1 `An eagle'; `an eaglet.' /Kokokhas/; /wal“ias./ 1 `An owl.' /O'basas./ 1 `A woodpecker.' /Kwiguigum./ 3 `A black duck.' /Mama./ 4 `A black woodpecker.' /Madagenilhas./ `A bat.' /Wis“wihlasis./ 1 `A wizard', (or any other kind of yellow bird.) /Cheskwadadas./ 1 `A king-fisher.' /Sasaso./ 1 `A plover.' /Si“mo./ `A bird of prey.' /Sasasois/, (pron:/--wis/). 1 `A small species of plover.' /Kwikueskas./ 1 `A robin.' /Kejegigilhasis/, (spell: /--lha-sis/) 1 `A chickadee.' /Chimeliilhasis./ 1 `A chimney swallow.' /Mkazas/; /kchimkazas./ 1 `A crow'; `raven.' /Kaskaljas/ or /Kaskaljasis/ 1 `A song-sparrow.' /Kaakw/; /Kaakwis./ 3,1 `A gull'; `a small grey gull.' ^* Spell: /n“-ba-lha/; /skua-lha/ <38> /Wl“gowilhas./ `A nightingale.' /Pokui sigoskuasis./ `The wheat-ear.' /Ahamo/; /ahamois./ 1 `A hen'; `chicken.' /N“balha./ 4 `A cock; a male bird.' /W“bigilhakw./ 3 `A goose.' /Nahama./ 4 `A turkey.' /P“l“bai-sibes/, (plur. /--sipsak/) `A peacock.' /Mdawilha/; /--sis./ 4,1 `A loon'; `a young --.' /Al“nteguilha/, (spell: /--lha/) 4 `A wood duck.' /Nanatasis./ 1 `A humming bird.' /Sobagwilha./ 4 `A sea duck.' /Nbesi-chogleskw./ 3 `A bobolink.' /Chogleskw./ 3 `A cow-bunting.' /Pneg“kihlasis./ 1 `A bank swallow.' /Tidesso./ 1 `A blue jay.' /W“btegua./ 4 `A wild-goose.' /Pelaz./ 1 `A wild pigeon.' /W“bipelaz./ 1 `A pigeon', (`tame --.') /Pakesso./ 1 `A partridge.' /Seguanilha/,^* (spell: /--iha/) 4 `A smiter-hawk.^* /Soglonilhasis./ 1 `A swallow.' /Wigualha./ 4 `A swan.' /Pokhamenes./ `A bittern.' /Kasko./ `A heron.' /Al“msaguilhasis./ `A whin chat.' /Papoles./ `A whip-poor-will.' ^* A bird that kills its prey with a blow with its breast bone. <39> FISHES, REPTILES AND INSECTS. /Namas./ 1 `A fish.' /Kabasa./ 4 `A sturgeon.' /Nokamagw./ 3 `A cod.' /Makelo./ 1 `A mackerel.' /Tolba./ 4 `A turtle.' /S“ga./ 4 `A lobster.' /Als{ak}./ `Oysters; shells.' /Mskuamagw./ 3 `A salmon.' /Kwenoza./ 4 `A pike.' /W“bhagas./ 1 `A carp.' /Kik“mkwa./ 4 `A sucker.' /Namagw./ 3 `A salmon trout.' /Nah“mo./ 1 `An eel.' /W“bi namas/ or /w“bamagw/ 1 `A white fish.' /Watagua./ 4 `A pickerel.' /M“lazigan./ 1 `A bass.' /Skog./ 1 `A serpent; a snake.' /Chegual./ 1 `A frog, /Maska/ or /mamaska./ 4 `A toad.' /Kakad“l“gw./ 1 `A lizard.' /Pabaskw./ 3 `A leech, a bloodsucker.' /Msaskog./ 1 `A Boa.' /Skoks./ 1 `A worm.' /Sisikwa./ 4 `A rattle snake.' /Mamselabika./ 4 `A spider.' /Sigiliamo./ 1 `A locust.' /Ch“ls./ 4 `A cricket.' /Maskejam“gwses./ 1 `A bug.' /Pabigw./ 1 `A flea.' /Alikws./ 1 `An ant, a pismire.' <40> /Kem“./ 4 `A louse.' /Mamij“la./ 4 `A butterfly.' /Wawil“mwa./ 4 `A bee; a wasp.' /Kchi wawil“mwa./ `A drone.' /Wjawas./ 1 `A fly.' /Massakua./ 4 `A horse-fly.' /Pegues./ 1 `A mosquito.' OF THE COUNTRY AND THE OBJECTS MET WITH. /Odana./ 5 `A town; a city; a village.' /O'wdi./ 5 `A road; a street.' /O'wdesis./ 5 `A path.' /Ki/; /aki./ 5 `An estate; a farm; land.' /Wigw“m/, (/gamigw/) `A house.' /Neg“nigamigw./ `An old house.' /Kinjamesigamigw./ 7 `A castle; a palace.' /Aiamihawigamigw./ 7 `A church.' /Taguah“gan./ 5 `A mill.' /Pessaku“gan./ 5 `A saw-mill.' /Kaozigamigw./ 7 `A stable.' /Kchikaozigamigw./ 7 `A barn.' /Soghebaigamigw./ 7 `An inn, a tavern.' /Psakaigan./ 6 `A ditch.' /Pmelodigan./ 5 `A fence.' /Pmelodiganakuam{al}./ `Fence rails.' /Skah“gan{ak}./ `Pickets.' /Sibo/, /tegw/, /ttegw./ 1 `A river.' /Sibos/; /sibosis./ 5 `A brook'; `a little brook.' /Kpiwi./ `A forest'; `in the --.' /Pami pizagak./ `The bush'; `in the --.' /Nbizonkik“n./ 5 `A garden.' <41> /Kik“n./ 5 `A field.' /Maji ki/ or /mamadaki/ 5 `A barren land; poor --.' /Wli ki./ 5 `A fertile land.' /Kawakwnigaw“gan./ `The harvest.' /Mskagw./ `A marsh.' /Tebeskahigan./ 5 `A hay-stack.' /Nodahlagokaigamigw/ 7 `A forge.' /Azib{ak}./ `A flock of sheep; sheep.' /Nidazo{ak}./ `A herd of cattle; cattle; animals.' /Kanal./ 5 `A canal.' /Alnahlagw“wdi./ 5 `A railway.' /Lessagu“gan./ 5 `A bridge.' /Notch“gnaigamigw./ 7 `An hospital.' /Kbahodwigamigw./ 7 `A prison, a jail.' /Kaas./ 5 `A car.' /Kdakinna./ `The globe.' MONEY AND COINS. /M“ni./ `Money; silver.' /Sakwskigek./ `Change.' /Pilaskwi-m“ni./ `A bank-note.' /Wiz“wi-m“ni./ `Gold; a gold coin.' /Somalkin./ `Halfpenny.' /Sans./ `One cent.' /Mdalasis./ `A dime (10 cts.).' /Mdala sansak./ `Ten cents.' /Pinso./ `A franc (10 pence.)' /Sil“n./ `A shilling (20 cts.)' /Tl“tso/, or /nisinska taba n“lan sansak/ `Twenty-five cents.' /Pazeko m“ni./ `One dollar.' /Pazeko lowi./ `A pound.' <42> WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. /Mdala lowiak./ `Ten pounds (œ10.)' /Ngueji tkwiguan./ `A pound.' /Pabasi tkwiguan./ `Half a pound.' /Kaltlo./ `Quarter of a pound.' /Awens./ `An ounce.' /Minot./ `A bushel (8 gallons.)' /Temiminot./ `Half a bushel.' /Minot taba pabasiwi./ `A bushel and half.' /Nguet'galanoo./ `A gallon.' /Mdala Kas'galanoo./ `Ten gallons.' /Pabas'galanoo./ `Half a gallon.' /Nguet'kwatoo./ `A quart (a quarter of a gallon.)' /Pabasba./ `A pint.' /Nguet'akwn“so/ or /pazegueda llakwn“so/ `One yard.' /Pabasi llakwn“so./ `Half a yard.' /Nguejipia taba pabasiwi/ `A foot and a half.' /Nguet'akwiad“gan./ `An inch.' /Mail./ (pron: /ma-il./) `A mile.' /Nguet'os“mguat./ `A league.' /Nguet'os“mguat tmeskuiwi/ `A square league.' /Alp“n ki./ `An acre of land.' CORN AND VEGETABLES. /Malomen{al}./ `Wheat.' /Asesowimen{al}./ `Oats.' /Nagakowimen{al}./ `Rye.' /Tlots{al}./ `Barley.' <43> /Skamon{al}./ `Indian corn.' /Wajabk{al}./ `Roots.' /Mskiko{al}./ `Hay.' /Mskikois{al}./ `Herbs.' /Atebakw{al}/ or /tebaku{al}./ `Beans.' /Channaps{ak}./ `Turnips.' /Kabij./ 5 `A cabbage.' /Timeno./ 5 `A melon.' /Askitameg./ 6 `A cucumber.' /Winos./ 1 `An onion.' /Winosis{ak}./ `Shallots.' FARMING IMPLEMENTS, CARRIAGES, HARNESS, &c., &c. /Lakaz“w“gan./ 5 `A plough.' /Lakaz“waw“gan./ `Ploughing, act of --.' /Nokapodigan./ 5 `A harrow.' /N'-d-elkaz“w“gan./ `My plough.' /N'nokapodigan./ `My harrow.' /Nokapodigaw“gan./ `Harrowing, act ofÄ.' /N'nokapodiga./ `I harrow.' /N'-d-elkaz“wa./ `I plough.' /Lakaigan./ 5 `A hoe.' /Temaskez“w“gan./ `Scythe.' /N'temskez“w“gan./ `My scythe.' /N'temskez“wa./ `I mow.' /Temaskez“wa./ `He mows.' /W“lkogan./ 5 `A shovel.' /Mag“lhigan./ 1 `A wooden shovel.' /Mskikoi - nimateguaigan/ 5 `A hay-fork.' /Aal“bidaak./ 5 `A rake.' <44> /Wagin./ 1 `A waggon.' /Wak“likws./ 6 `A wheel; a cart.' /Asesw“bial./ `A harness.' /Pihanisak./ `The reins.' /Nobalobi./ `A bridle.' /Sazamhigan./ `A whip.' /Tawabodi./ `A saddle.' /Wawabig“dhigan./ `A sleigh.' COLOURS, PAINTING WRITING IMPLEMENTS, &c. /Mkui.../ (in the composition) `Red.' /Mkuigen./ pl. {ol} `It is red.' /Mkuigo./ pl. {ak} `He, she, it, is red.' /Mkui sezowigan./ `Red paint.' /Sezowigan./ pl. {al} `Paint.' /Mkui sezow“zo./ `He, she, it, is painted red' /Atsigan./ pl. {al} `Dye.' /Mku'atsigan./ `Red dye.' /N'-d-atsiga./ `I dye.' /N'moku'atsiga./ `I dye red.' /N'-d-ats“./ `I dye him, her, (it).' /N'-d-atsemen./ `I dye it.' /N'-d-atsemenana./ `We dye it.' /K'-d-atsemenana./ `We dye it.' /Wl“wi.../ `Blue.' /Wl“w'atsigan./ `Blue dye.' /Wl“wigo./ `He, she, it, is blue.' /Wl“wigen./ `It is blue.' /Wl“wi sezowigan./ `Blue paint.' /Mku“bamegua./ `Reddish.' <45> /Wl“w“bamegua./ `Bluish.' /Wiz“wi.../ `Yellow.' /Wiz“wi kezabezow“gan./ `Yellow fever.' /Wiz“w'atsigan./ `Yellow dye.' /Wiz“wigen./ `It is yellow.' /Askaskui .../ `Green.' /Askaskui sezowigan./ `Green paint.' /Askasku'atsigan./ `Green dye.' /W-d-askaku'atsemen./ `He, she, dyes it green.' /W“bi.../ `White.' /W“bigen./ `It is white.' /W“bigo./ `He, she, it, is white.' /W“bi gamigw./ 7 `A white house.' /W“bipegw./ `Lime.' /Mkazawi .../ `Black.' /Mkazawigen./ `It is black.' /Mkazawigo./ `He, she, it, is black; /W“bigek./ `The white.' /Makazawigek./ `The black.' /W“bbagak./ `The white, (liquid).' /Makazawbagak./ `The black, (liquid).' /W“bbaga./ `It is white, (liquid).' /Mkazawbaga./ `It is black, (liquid).' /Awighiganebi./ `Some ink.' /N'-d-awighiganebim wl“wbaga./ `My ink is blue.' /N'pilaskom w“bigen./ `My paper is white.' /N'miguenom w“bigo./ `My pen is white.' /Miguen./ 3 `A pen, a quill; a feather' /Wdam““bamegua./ `It is brown.' /Min“bowigen./ `It is violet.' /Min“bowigek./ `The violet.' <46> /Wibgui. `Grey; drab.' /Wibguigen./ `It is grey.' /Wibguigo./ `He, she, it, is grey.' /W'-d-asolkw“n wibeguigen./ `His (her) hat is grey.' /Wibguigek asolkw“n./ ^1 `A {or} the grey hat.' /Wibguigo n'-d-aasom./ `My horse is grey.' /Wibguigoa w'-d-asoma./ `His (her) horse is grey.' /Sen/ or /asen./ `A slate; a stone.' CARDINAL POINTS, &c. /S“wanaki/ } /Ali-paskuat/ } `The South.' /Nibenaki/ } /S“wanakik/ } /Nibenakik/ } `Southward, at, to, from the South.' /Ali-paskuat/ } /S“wanessen./ `South wind, the wind comes from the South.' /Pebonki./ `The North.' /Pebonkik./ `Northward at, to, from the North.' /Pebonkiak./ `Northern people.' /Waji-nahil“t } `The East; at, to, from the East.' Waji-s“khipozit } /S“kh“ban./ `Day break.' /Kiz“ban./ `It is day light.' /Kiz“bak./ `At day light.' /W“banaki/ or /O'banaki./ `Land of the East.' ^1. We say also: /wibgu'asolkw“n./ <47> /W“banakiak./ ({singular}, /W“banaki./) `The people (Indians) from where the sun rises.' /Ali-nkihl“t./ `The West, westward; at, to, from the west.' /Ali-nkihl“t weji pm“wzowinnoak./ `The western people.' /Nibenakiak,/ ({singular}, /nibenaki./) `The southern people.' /Nsawiwi ali-paskuat ta ali-nkihl“t./ `South-west; at, to, from the south-west.' /Nsawiwi pebonkik ta waji-nahil“t./ `North-East; at, to, from the north-east.' /Nsawiwi waji-nahil“t ta ali-paskuat./ `South-east; at, to, from the south-east.' /Nsawiwi pebonkik ta ali-nkihl“t./ `North-west; at, to, from the north-west.' HUNTING AND FISHING IMPLEMENTS, &c. /Paskhigan./ 5 `A gun.' /Adeb“lagw./ 7 `A rifle.' /Nahnisakwtag./ 6 `A double-barreled gun.' /Papkweskal“g paskhigan./ `A breech-loader.' /Papkweskal“g{il} paskhigan{al}./ `Breech-loaders.' /Al“msawaiias./ 5 `A pistol; a revolver.' /Sagu“lhigan./ 5 `A ramrod.' /Asenapanes./ 1 `The lock.' /Alemos./ 1 `The cock; the hammer.' /T“bi./ 1 `A spring; a bow.' /Nhanesn“sik./ 6 `The trigger.' <48> /Peza./ `The powder.' /Sasalh“gil/ (/sissalh“gil/). `Shot.' /Mamsag./ 6 `A ball, a bullet.' /Telaps./ 1 `A steel-trap.' /Klahigan./ 5 `A wooden-trap.' /N'telapsem./ 1 `My steel-trap.' /N'kelhigan./ `My wooden-trap.' /Kap/ or /Kapsis./ 5 `A percussion-cap, a cap.' /Pidapskuiganinoda./ 5 `The shot-belt.' /Askan./ 1 `A powder-horn; a horn.' /Nadialowinno./ 1 `A hunter; a sportsman.' /Nadialoi ki./ `Hunting ground: /Pisowakamigw./ 7 `The wilderness.' /Pisowakamigwinno./ 1 `An uncivilized man or person.' /Nadialow“gan./ `Hunting.' /O'maw“gan./ `Fishing.' /Chawapenigan/ or /chawpenigan. `A fish-hook.' /Chawapeniganatagw./ 7 `A fishing-line.' /Chawapeniganakuam./ 5 `A fishing-rod.' /Nodamagu“ngan./ 1 `A fishspear.' /Aw“gan./ `The bait.' /Lhab/ or /ahlab./ 1 `A net.' /N-d-ahlabem/, /--ak./ `My net' `-- nets.' /K'-d-ahlabem./ `Your (thy) net.' /W'-d-ahlbema./ `His (her) net, or nets.' /N'-d-ahlabemna/; /--wak/ `Our net' `-- nets.' /K'-d-ahlabemna./ `Our net.' /W'-d-ahlabemow“./ `Their net, or nets.' <49> ECCLESIASTICAL AND SECULAR DIGNITIES. /Kchi S“gm“wi - Patlih“z./ 1 `The Pope,the Sovereign Pontiff.' /S“gmowi patlih“z./ 1 `A Bishop.' /Kchi patlih“z./ 1 `A parish priest, a high-priest.' /Patlih“z./ 1 `A priest.' /Manistel./ 1 `A minister.' /Kin“masowinno./ 1 A preacher.' /Patlih“skua./ 4 `A nun.' /Kinjames./ 1 `A king.' /Kinjamesiskua./ 4 `A queen.' /Kinjamessis./ 1 `A prince.' /Kinjamessiskuasis. 1 `A princess.' /Saniol/; /--iskua./ `A lord'; `a lady.' /Kchis“gm“i lidebezowinno./ `A minister of state.' /Kchi s“gm“/;/--skua./ `A governor'; `the --'s wife.' /S“gm“/; /--skua./ `A chief'; `chief's wife.' /Kaptin./ 1 `A captain.' /Kolnal./ 1 `A colonel.' /Pastoni-Kchi S“gm“./ `The President of the U.-S. of America.' GAMES, RECREATIONS, &c.' /Pemegaw“gan/, `Dancing.' /N'pemeg“./ `I dance.' /Pemega./ `He (she) dances.' /Pemegawinno. 1 `A dancer.' /Al“gmapozimuk./ `To skate.' <50> /K'-d-alogmapozi./ `Thou art skating.' /L“gmapoza./ `He (she) is skating.' /L“gmapozowinno./ 1 `A skater.' /L“gmapozowan{ak}./ `Skates.' /Telap{ak}/, `Cards.' /Negueji chebezoak telap{ak}./ `A pack of cards.' /Naguedawigh“sit./ 2 `The ace.' /S“gm“./ 4 `The king.' /Awanochwi-skuaso./ 1 `The queen.' /Wsem“ganes./ 1 `The knave.' /Nises/ or /nis./ 1 `The deuce.' /Awskatastigamuk./ `To shuffle.' /Nadon“muk./ `To cut.' /N'nadon“./ `I cut.' /Nadona./ `He (she) cuts.' /Agisowan{ak}./ `Counters.' /Pabaskwhamaw“gan./ `Playing-ball' or `play-ball' /Pabaskham“gan./ 1 `A ball.' /N'telapham“./ `I play at card.' /N'pabaskwham“./ `I play at ball.' /Pabaskwhama./ `He (she) plays at ball.' /Pabasbwhamak./ `They play at ball.' /L“baktaigan/; /t“bi./ 5 `A fiddle'; `a bow.' /Pigu“ngan./ 5 `A flute'; `a fife.' /Pakholigan./ 1 `A drum.' /Kchi-l“baktaigan./ 5 `A piano'; `an organ.' /Lintow“gan./ 5 `A song.' <51> NAMES OF CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, RIVERS, COUNTRIES, NATIONS, &c., &c. /Molian./ `Montreal.' /Moliani./ `A Montrealer.' /Molini{ak}./ `Montrealers.' /Moliantegw./ `River St-Lawrence.' /Masessolian./ `Sorel.' /Masessoliani{ak}./ `Sorellers.' /Masessoliantegw./ `River Chambly.' /Mad“balodnik./ `Three-Rivers.' /Mad“balodni{ak}./ `People or inhabitants of Three-Rivers.' /Mad“balodnitegw./ `River St-Maurice.' /Palkinek./ `Berthier.' /Palkini{ak}./ `Peop. or inhabitants of Berthier.' /Pithiganek./ `Nicolet.' /Pithigani{ak}./ `Peop. or inhabitants of Nicolet.' /Pithiganitegw./ `River Nicolet.' /W“linak./ `Becancour.' /Welinaktegw./ `River Becancour.' /Padisk“nek./ `Batiscan.' /O'bamasek./ `RiviŠre du Loup (en haut)' /O'bamasisek./ `Yamachiche.' /Pamadenainak./ `Lorette' (Ind. Village.) /Pamadenai{ak}./ `Indians of Lorette.' <52> /Kebek/, ^1 } /Kuibek./ ^2 } `Quebec.' /Kuibeki./ `A citizen (man) of Quebec.' /Kuibekiak./ `Peop. or inhabitants of Quebec.' /Kuibekiskua./ `A lady (woman) from Quebec.' /Kuibekiskuak./ `Ladies of Quebec.' /Kaanawagi./ `Caughnawaga.' /Magua./ `An Iroquois (indian).' /Kaanawagihnono./ `The iroquois tribe.' /Otawa./ `Ottawa.' /Otawai./ `A man (citizen) from Ottawa.' /Otawaiiak./ `People or inhabitants of Ottawa.' /Koattegw./ `Pine River.' /Koattegok./ `Coaticook.' /Mamlawbagak./ `Mamphremagog.' /M“d“wa./ `Mantawa.' /Paliten./ `Burlington.' /S“n-Hal“nek./ `Plattsburg.' /Salatogi./ `Saratoga.' /Nebizonbik./ `At the mineral spring.' /Kwenitegw./ `River Connecticut.' /Winoski./ `Winooski.' /Pas“msik./ `Passumpsic.' /Pamijoasik./ `Pamigewasset.' /Wiwninbesaki./ `Winnipisaukee.' ^1. Pronounce "Ke-bek" as in French, {Quebec} ^2. This orthograghy is an imitation of the English pronounciation. <53> /Waw“badenik./ `White mountain reg.' /Wigw“madensisek./ `St Hyacinthe.' /Wigw“madenik./ `Yamaska.' /Kwanah“moik./ `Durham.' /Namak“ttik./ `Megantic.' /Pana“bskak./ `Penobscot.' /Pana“bskattegw/ or /Pana“bskai sibo./ `Penobscot river.' /Pana“bskaiiak./ `People (indians) of Penobscot.' /Kanada./ `Canada.' /Pastonki./ `United States of America.' /Pastonkik./ `In the United States of America.' /Pastoni./ `An American.' /Pastoniskua./ `An American woman.' /Iglism“nki./ `England.' /Iglism“nkik./ `In England.' /Iglism“n./ `An Englishman.' /Iglesm“niskua./ `An English woman.' /Plachm“nki./ `France.' /Plachm“n./ `A Frenchman.' /Alem“nki./ `Germany.' /Alem“n./ `A German.' /Sp“niolki./ `Spain.' /Sp“niol./ `A Spaniard.' /Ill“daki./ (pron. /--ak-ki./) `Ireland.' /Ill“da./ `An Irishman.' /Ill“daskua./ `An Irish woman.' /Koswaki./ (pron. /--ak-ki./) `Scotland.' /Koswa./ `A Scotchman.' <54> /Ag“meneki./ (pron /ak-ki./ `Europe.' /Wdag“menoki./ (pl. /--ak./) `An European.' /Alsig“ntegw./ (local term: /Alsig“ntegok./) `River St. Francis.' /Aln“ba./ `An Indian.' /Aln“bai phanem./ `An Indian woman.' /W“banaki./ `An Abenaki (indian.) /Sigwnigan./ `A reserve.' /Aln“bai sigwnigan./ `An indian reserve.' /Aln“bai low“zow“gan/ or /Aln“baw“zow“gan./ `Indian costume.' /Aln“ba'odana./ `An Indian village.' /Plachm“ni odana./ `A French village.' /Odana./ `A city; town; village.' /Ki/, /aki./ `Earth, the globe, the world; country; farm; ground; soil.' /N'-d-aki/, /w'-d-aki./ `My farm, his (her) farm.' /Kdakinna./ `The globe.' ({literally}, `our earth, our globe.') /K'-d-akinna./ `Our farm or ground.' NAMES OF PERSONS WHICH DIFFER FROM BOTH, THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH ORTHOGRAPHY.' /Sozap./ `Joseph.' /Pial./ `Peter.' /Tanial/, `Daniel.' /Az“./ `John.' /Ogistin./ `Augustus.' <55> /Nikola./ `Nicholas.' /Tabid./ `David.' /Plasoa./ `Francis.' /Atian./ `Stephen.' /Sazal./ `C‘sar.' /Lazal./ `Elijah.' /Tom“./ `Thomas.' /O'bloas./ `Ambrose.' /Atoan./ `Anthony.' /Paslid./ `Basil.' /Pelnal./ `Bernard.' /Edoal./ `Edward.' /Klegual./ `Gregory.' /Islal./ `Israel.' /Salom./ `Jerome.' /Missal./ `Michael.' /Lobal./ `Robert.' /Simo./ `Simon.' /Lol“./ `Lawrence.' /Agat./ `Agatha.' /O'zalik./ `Angelica.' /O'nis./ `Anna.' /Sallot./ `Charlotte.' /Klistin./ `Christiana.' /O'nias./ `Agnes.' /Mali./ `Mary.' /Klalis./ `Clarissa.' /Amelain./ `Emeline.' /Aliz“bat./ `Elizabeth.' /Alan./ `Ellen.' /Lowiz./ `Louisa.' /Sopi./ `Sophia.' /Toloti./ `Dorothy.' <56> /Sessil./ `Cicely.' /Katetin./ `Catherine.' /Soz“n./ `Susan.' /Malgelit./ `Margaret.' /Talaz./ `Theresa.' HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS. /Alamik“wadimuk./ `New-year's day.' /Kinjamesak./ `Epiphany-Twelfth day /Wasanm“muk./ `Candlemas.' /Peguihodin./ `Ash-Wednesday.' /Sogm“wi Mali Kuasih“muk./ `Lady day.' /Sediak kaln“muk./ `Palm Sunday.' /O'bijibad./ `Easter Sunday.' /Spemkik alihl“d./ `Ascension day.' /Pamosaiamih“muk./ `Corpus Christi day.' /Skweda paskh“zik./ `St. John-Baptist -- Midsummer day.' /Pialak Kuasih“muk./ `St. Peter and St. Paul.' /S“gm“wi Missal Kuasih“muk/, `Michaelmas day.' /P“batamawawdimuk./ `All Saints.' /Nib“iamih“muk./ `Christmas.' /M“wsedowadoi kisokw/ `Dominion day.' /Tebalmezoi kisokw./ `Independence day.' /Kinjamesiskua w'kiskom/, `Queen's birth-day', (lit. `Queen's day.') /O'tkag“badasi kisokw/, `Arbour day.' <57> SUBSTANTIVES HAVING NO SINGULAR. /Abasand“ganal./ `Aurore borealis, Northern lights.' /Aiamih“ganal./ `Beads, chaplet.' /O'nkawalagiadiganal./ `A chain.' /Asesw“bial./ `A harness.' /Pihanisak./ `Reins.' /Sen“mkol/ or /sen“mkuisal./ `Gravel.' As the Abenakis language has certain peculiarities which are not to be found in the English respecting the {plural} in {pronouns}, and that the use of those pronouns is to occur very often in the Second Part of this book, for the right distinction of their signification, I thought it convenient to give that {part of speech} before I close the First Part, notwithstanding that this be not the ordinary sequel of a Vocabulary. The next pages will therefore show you that part. <58> THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 1. NOMINATIVE FORM. Singular. Plural. 1 /N,'/ `I.' 1 /N,'/ ^1 `we', ({exclusive}.) 1 /K,'/ ^2, `we'; ({inclusive}.) 2 /K,'/ `thou.' 2 /K,'/ `you'; 3 /W,'/ `he, she.' 3 /W,'/ `they.' 2. OBJECTIVE FORM. Singular. Plural. 1 /Nia/, `me, (I;)' 1 /Niuna/, `us, to us, (we;)' 1 /Kiuna/, `us, to us, (we;)' 2 /Kia/, `thee, (thou;)' 2 /Kiuw“/, `you, to you.' 3 /Agma/, `him, her,(she;)' 3 /Agm“w“/, `them, to them, (they).' ^1. Mind this well. /N,'/ /niuna/, or /niunatta/, is employed, when those that speak do not include in their number the person or persons to whom they speak: /n'mitsibena/, `we eat, (we that speak, not the person or persons whom we speak to.)' ^2. /K'/ is used, when those that speak include in their number the person or persons to whom they speak: /K' paz“bibena/, `we see, (we that speak, and the person or persons to whom we speak.)' And likewise /Kiuna/, /Kiunatta/, `us, we, ourselves', that is, `we altogether, those that speak, and those that are spoken to.' <59> 3. REFLECTIVE FORM. Singular. Plural. 1 /Niatta/, `myself'; 1 /Niunatta/, `ourselves, to --'; (excl.) 1 /Kiunatta/, `ourselves, to --', (incl.) 2 /Kiatta/, `thyself'; 2 /Kiuw“tta/, `yourselves, to --'; 3 /Agmatta/, `himself, herself' 3 /Agm“w“tta/, `themselves, to --'; THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Singular. Plural. 1 /Nia/, `mine'; 1 /Niuna/, `ours', (excl.) 1 /Kiuna/, `ours', (incl.) 2 /Kia/, `thine'; 2 /Kiuw“/, `yours'; 3 /Agma/, `his, hers'; 3 /Agm“w“/, `theirs.' N.-B. -- Mind also that the {possessive adjectives} /n'/, /k'/, `our', undergo the same peculiarities as the pronouns. <61> PART SECOND THE ELEMENTS OF ABENAKIS CONVERSATION. VOCABULARY /Miguen./ `A pen.' /Awighiganebi./ `Some ink.' /Pilaskw./ `Some paper.' /Awighigan{al}./ ^1 `Some books.' /Wissiguakhigan{al}./ `Some envelopes.' /Telaps./ `A trap.' /Paskhigan./ `A gun.' /Peza./ `Some powder.' /Sasahl“g{il}./ `Some shot.' /Wiguaol./ `A bark-canoe.' /O'gemak./ `Snow shoes.' /W““baksigamigw./ `A tent.' /T“bi./ `A bow.' /Pakua{al}./ Some arrows.' /Abaznoda{al}./ `Some baskets.' ^1. The final italics mark the plural. <62> /Aplesak./ `Some apples.' /Azawanimen{ak}./ `Some plums.' /Nibimen{al}./ `Some bush-cranberries.' /Popoku{al}./ `Some cranberries.' /Adebimen{al}./ `Some cherries.' USE OF THE VERB /Waj“n“muk/, /waj“n“zik/, `to have', with the foregoing nouns, in the affirmative form. /N'waj“n“ miguen./ `I have a pen.' /'Waj“nem awighiganebi./ `He (she) has some ink.' /N'waj“nemebena pilaskw./ `We have some paper.' /K'waj“nemeba awighiganal./ `You have some books.' /'Waj“nemok wissiguakhiganal./ `They have some envelopes', /N'waj“n“b telaps./ `I had a trap.' /'Waj“nemob paskhigan./ `He (she) had a gun.' /N'waj“nemebenob peza/ `We had some powder.' /K'waj“nemeb“b sasahl“gil./ `You had some shot.' /'Waj“nemobanik wiguaol./ `They had a bark-canoe.' /N'waj“n“ji “gemak./ `I shall have snow shoes.' /'Waj“nemji w““baksigamigw. `He (she) will have a tent.' /N'waj“n“benaji t“bi./ `We shall have a bow.' /K'waj“nemebaji pakuaal./ `You will have some arrows.' <63> /'Waj“nemokji abaznodaal./ `They will have some baskets.' /N'waj“n“ba aplesak./ `I should have some apples.' /'Waj“naba azawanimena./ `He (she) would have some plums.' /N'waj“nemebenaba nibimenal./ `We should have some bush-cranberries.' /K'waj“nemebaba popokual./ `You would have some cranberries.' /'Waj“nemokba adebimenal./ `They would have some cherries.' VOCABULARY. /Mijow“gan./ `Provisions.' /Nokhigan./ `Flour.' /Moziia./ `Moose-meat.' /Pkuazigan./ `Bread.' /Wdam“./ `Tobacco.' /Wdam“gan./ `Pipe.' /Mkezenal./ `Shoes, moccasins.' /Temahigan./ `An axe.' /Alni-temahigan./ `A tomahawk.' /L“bakhiganal./ `Suspenders.' /O'dolibi“gan./ `An oar.' /Temespanahon./ `Scissors.' /Lessagahigan./ `A trunk.' /Paks./ `A box; chest.' /Pkwessagahigan/ or /pkwessaghigan./ `A key.' /Chigitwahigan./ `A rasor.' /Alokaw“gan./ `Work, labour.' <64> /Teb“bakhigan./ `Scales; balance.' /Silkial./ `Ribbons.' /Aguanagiad‹ganal./ `Curtains.' USE OF THE VERB /Waj“n“muk/, /waj“n“zik/, `to have', with the foregoing nouns, in the negative form. /O'da n'waj“nemow mijow“gan./ `I have no provisions.' /O'da waj“nemowi nokhigan./ `He (she) has no flour.' /O'da n'waj“nemoppena moziia./ `We have no moose-meat.' /O'da k'waj“n“ppa pkuazigan./ `You have no bread.' /O'da waj“nawiak wdamo./ `They have no tobacco.' /O'da n'waj“n“p wdam“gan./ `I had no pipe.' /O'da waj“nemowip inkezenal./ `He (she) had no shoes.' /O'da n'waj“nemoppenob temahigan./ `We had no axe.' /O'da k'waj“nemopp“b alni-temahigan./ `You had no tomahawk.' /O'da `waj“nemowibanik l“bakhiganal./ `They had no suspenders.' <65> VOCABULARY OF ADJECTIVES. (Simple and Invariable). /Wli./ `Good; gentle.' /Maji./ `Bad, mean.' /Kchi./ `Great, big.' /Msi/, /mamsi./ `Large; vast.' /Wski./ `New; young.' /Neg“ni/, /n“neg“ni./ `Old; ancient.' /Wawasi./ `Holy; sacred.' /S“gm“wi./ `Saint.' /Pili/, /pildowi./ `New.' /W“bi./ `White.' /Mkazawi./ `Black.' /S“gli./ `Solid; stout.' /Mliki./ `Strong.' /Noki./ `Soft.' /P“gui./ `Pure; genuine.' /Sasagi./ `Just; right.' /Adagi./ `Dishonest; roguish.' /Pizwi./ `Futile; senseless.' /Kpagi./ `Thick.' /Wazabi./ `Thin.' /Tkuigui./ `Heavy.' /Tatebi./ `Level; even; alike.' /Abagi./ `Flat. NOTE. -- All the above adjectives signify nothing by themselves; they signify what is ascribed to them, hut when they are prolonged by some other syllables; as, /go/, /gen/, etc., etc., or connected with some other words, either nouns or verbs. They are therefore invariable, being in somehow but particles of words. <66> THE FOREGOING ADJECTIVES Prolonged by syllables representing the verb {to be}, and joined to nouns and verbs in the affirmative and negative form, either with or without interrogation. /Wligo./ 1 `He, she, (it) is good.' /Wligen./ 7 `It is good.' /Wligen?/ 7 `Is it good? /Kchi sibo/, (or /kchi tegw./) 5 `A great river.' /Msin“guat?/ `Does it look big? /Mamsi ki./ `A vast ground.' /Wski aln“ba./ 4 `A young man.' /Wski wigw“m/, (or /wski gamigw/) `A new house.' /N'manohom neg“ni paskhigan./ `I buy an old gun.' /N-d-agidam Wawasi Awighigan./ `I read the Bible, (lit. the holy book.)' /S“gm“wi Pial./ `St. Peter.' /Pili kisos./ `The new moon.' /Pildowi “jmow“gan./ `A new history.' /W“bigen?/ 7 `Is it white? /W“bigen./ 7 `It is white.' /W“bigo./ 1 `He (she) is white.' /Mkazawigo./ 1 `He (she) is black.' /Mkazawigen. 7 `It is black.' /S“gli san“ba./ 1 `A stout man.' /Mlikigo./ 1 `He, she, (it) is strong.' /Nokigen./ 7 `It is soft.' /P“gui m“nii“./ 8 `Of pure (of solid) silver.' <67> /Adagi pm“wsowinno./ 1 `A dishonest person.' /Pizwi klosow“gan./ 5 `A vain talk, a futile argument.' /Kpagizo pkuami./ `The ice is thick.' /W'meljassa wazabizoa./ His (her) mittens are thin.' /Tkwiguin“gwat./ 7 `It looks heavy.' /Tkwiguin“gwzo./ 1 `He, she,(it) looks heavy.' /O'da tatebigenowial./ `They are not alike.' /Abagigen k'-d-abaznoda?/ `Is your basket flat? /Abagigen n'-d-abaznoda./ `My basket is flat.' VOCABULARY OF ADJECTIVES. (Contracted and Variable). /Waligit./ } /Waligek./ } `Good, handsome.' /Majigit. } /Majigek. } `Bad, wicked, mean.' /Masgilek./ } /Masguikwek./ } `Great, large, big.' /Piwsessit./ } /Piwsessek./ } `Little, small.' /Wskia./ `New.' /Neg“nia./ `Old.' /W“bigit./ } /W“bigek./ } `White.' /Makazawigit./ } /Makazawigek./ } `Black.' <68> /S“glizit./ `Solid, strong, durable' /Malkigit./ } /Malkigek./ } `Strong, stout.' /Nokigit./ } /Nokigek./ } `Soft, tender.' /P“guigit./ } /P“guigek./ } `Pure, genuine.' /Sasagigit./ } /Sasagigek./ } `Straight.' /Piziwadoit./ } /Piziwadoik./ } `Useless, void, futile.' /Kapagizit./ } /Kapagak./ } `Thick.' /Wazabizit/, } /Wazabak./ } `Thin.' /Takwiguelek. } /Takwiguak./ } `Heavy.' /Abagigit/, ^1 } `Flat.' /Abagigek./ } ^1. NOTE. -- As there are in Abenakis {two} kinds of Substantives, viz: the {animate}, denoting objects having animal life; and the {inanimate}, denoting inanimate objects; so also there are {animate} and {inanimate} Adjectives and verbs, which are made to agree with the substantives accordingly. Those substantives are distinguished by the termination of the {plural}, which is always {k} for the {animate}, (as well as for the {personified}, which are treated as if they were {animate}), and {l} for the {inanimate}. We likewise distinguish the {adjectives} by their termination in the {singular}, which is usually, as above, {k} for the {animate}, and {l} for the {inanimate}. <69> THE FOREGOING ADJECTIVES JOINED TO NOUNS, EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL. (Simple and Contracted). /Wli ases./ `A good horse.' /Wli kaoz{ak}./ `Good cows.' /Waligijik ases{ak}./ `Fine horses.' /Waligek wigw“m./ `A fine house.' /Walikkil tasakuabon{al}./ `Fine (good) chairs.' /Majiwskinnosis./ `A bad boy, a mean lad.' /Majigit aples./ `A bad apple, (unsound).' /Majikk{il} pilaskwim“ni{al}./ `The counterfeit bank notes.' /Kchi nebes{al}./ `Great lakes.' /Masegilek wdah“gan./ `A long (large) paddle, /Maseguikwk{il} kik“n{al}./ `Large fields.' /Piwsessij{ik} alemoss{ak}./ `Little dogs.' /Piwsessek nbizonkik“n./ `A small garden.' /Wski peljes./ `A new pair pants, a new pantaloon.' /Wski “bagawatahigan./ `A new umbrella.' /Neg“ni wl“mawaldamw“gan./ `A superstition', (literally: `an old imagination.') /W“bigit azib./ `A white sheep.' /Wobikk{il} masksa{al}./ `White blankets.' /Makazawigit sku“zontagw./ `Some black thread.' /Makazawi gek silki./ `Some black silk'; `-- ribbon.' /S“gizit wak“lihws./ `A strong cart'; ` -- wheel.' <70> /S“glak wagin./ `A strong waggon.' /Malkigit san“ba/; /maliksanit --./ `A stout man'; `a strong --.' /Malkigek/ or /maliksanoik kadosmow“gan./ `Spirituous liquor', (literally: `strong beverage.') /Nokigit pohkuasimon./ `A soft pillow.' /Nokigek abazi./ `Some soft wood.' /P“gui aln“bak./ `Full blooded indians.' /Pizwadoit nodalokat./ `A heartless servant.' /Pizwadoik alokawogan./ `A fruitless labour.' /Kapagizijik meljassak./ `Thick mittens.' /Kapagakil mkezenal./ `Thick moccasins, or shoes.' /Wazabizit madagen./ `A thin hide.' /Wazabagil medasal./ `Thin socks.' /Takwiguelek nidazo./ `A heavy animal.' /Takwiguak “badahon./ `A heavy cane.' /Abagigijik pot“iiak./ `Flat bottles.' /Abagigek abaznoda./ `A flat basket.' SENTENCES EXEMPLIFYING The foregoing Nouns and Adjectives, either in the affirmative, negative, or interrogative form. /N'waj“n“ wli ases./ `I have a good horse.' /O'da waj“nawi wli kaoza./ `He (she) has no good cows.' /K'waj“n“bena waligijik asesak?/ `Have we some good horses?' /K'manohomebaji walikkil wigw“mal./ `You will buy fine (good) houses.' <71> /Wlitoakba walikkil tasakwabonal./ `They would make fine chairs.' /O'da n'kezalm“w maji wskinnisisak./ `I don't like bad boys.' /O'da k'dachwalm“w maji aplesak?/ `Don't you want some bad apples?' /O'daaba wdenmowi maji pilaskwim“nial./ `He would not take the conterfeit bank notes.' /'Namito kchi nebesal./ `He (she) sees some great lakes.' /W'namitonal kchi nebesal./ `He (she) sees the great lakes.' /K'kiz'“nkolh“n masegilek wdah“gan?/ `Have you (thou) sold the large paddle?' /K'kiz'“nkolh“nal maseguikwkil kik“nal./ `Have you (thou) sold the large fields?' /N'nanawalm“nnawkji piwsessijik alemossak./ `We will keep the little dogs.' /K'-d-asam“w“kba alemossisak?/ `Would you feed the little dogs ? -- the puppies?' /W'-d-“pchi nokapodonal piwsessekil nbjzonkik“nal./ `He (she) is harrowing the small gardens.' /N'kiz'“nkolh“ wski peljes./ `I have sold a new pantaloon.' /O'da k'waniadow wski “bagawatahigan?/ `Did not you lose a new umbrella?' /Kaguessi neg“ni wl“mawaldam w“gan ni? `What a superstition is that?' /N'nihl“ w“bigit azib./ `I killed the white sheep.' <72> /Awakatoak w“bikkil masksaal./ `They use white blankets.' /N'-d-achoalm“ sku“sontagw w“bigit./ `I want some white thread.' /N'-d-achoaldam silki w“bigek./ `I want some white silk.' /K'-d-alokamibesa s“glizit wak“likws?/ `Did you order a strong cart?' /N'-d-alokamib s“glak wagin./ `I ordered a strong waggon.' /N'd-“gazah“benaba malkigit san“ba./ `We would hire a stout man.' /K'wikuenembenaba (malkigek) kadosmow“gan./ `We would take some (spirituous) liquor.' /N'waj“n“ nokigit pohkuasimon./ `I have a soft pillow.' /N'waj“nem nokigek abazi./ `I have some soft wood.' /P“gui aln“bak kiuw“?/ `Are you full blooded indians?' /P“gui aln“bak niuna./ `We are full blooded indians.' /O'do niuna p“gui aln“bak./ `We are not full blooded indians.' /O'da n'-d-achwalm“w pizwadoit nodalokad./ `I don't want a heartless servant.' /'Wlito pizwadoik alokaw“gan./ `He (she) makes a useless work.' /O'pchito pizwadoik alokaw“gan./ `He (she) is making a useless work.' /K'kiz'anoh“k kapagizijik meljassak?/ `Did you buy the thick mittens?' <73> /K'kiz'anohobmebesa kapagakil mkezenal?/ `Did you buy some thick moccasins?' /N'manoh“ba wazabisijik madagenok./ `I should buy some thin hides.' OF NUMBERS. (1. {Cardinal numbers}.) 1 /Pazekw./ } 2 /Pazego./ } `One.' 3 /Pazegwen./ } 1 /Nis./ } 2 /Nisoak./ } `Two.' 3 /Nisnol./ } 1 /Nas./ } 2 /Nloak./ } `Three.' 3 /Nhenol. } 1 /Iaw./ } 2 /Iawak./ } `Four' 3 /Iawnol./ } 1 /N“lan./ } 2 /Nonnoak./ } `Five.' 3 /Nonnenol./ } /Ngued“z./ `Six. /T“baw“z./ `Seven.' OBSERVATION.Ä-Cardinal numbers from one to five, as above, are of three kinds, viz: 1. {Abstract} numbers or those used merely in counting: /pazekw/, /nis/, /nas/, etc., `one', `two', `three', etc; 2. {Concrete} numbers or those pertaining to the limitation of the {animate} objects, and {personified} things; as, /pazego san“ba/, `one man'; /nisoak m“niak/, `two dollars'; 3. {Concrete} numbers used to determine things only; as, /pazegwen awighigan/, `one book'; /n“nnenol wigw“mal/, `five houses.' <74> /Ns“zek./ `Eight.' /Noliwi./ `Nine.' /Mdala./ `Ten.' /Nguedonkaw/, `Eleven.' /Nis“nkaw./ `Twelve.' /Ns“nkaw. (pron: {cow}.) `Thirteen.' /Iaw“nkaw./ `Fourteen.' /N“n“nkaw./ `Fifteen.' /Ngued“z kas“nkaw./ `Sixteen.' /T“baw“z kas“nkaw./ `Seventeen.' /Ns“zek kas“nkaw./ `Eighteen.' /Noliwi kas“nkaw./ `Nineteen.' /Nisinska./ `Twenty.' /Nisinska taba pazekw./ `Twenty-one.' /Nisinska taba nis./ `Twenty-two.' /Nisinska taba nas./ `Twenty-three.' /Nisinska taba iaw./ `Twenty-four.' /Nisinska taba n“lan./ `Twenty-five.' /Nisinska taba ngued“z./ `Twenty-six.' /Nisinska taba t“baw“z./ `Twenty-seven.' /Nisinska taba ns“zek./ `Twenty-eight.' /Nisinska taba noliwi./ `Twenty-nine.' /Nsinska./ `Thirty.' /Nsinska taba pazekw/, &c. `Thirty-one', &c. /Iawinska./ `Fourty.' /Iawinska taba pazekw/, &c. `Fourty-one', &c. /N“nninska./ `Fifty.' /N“nninska taba pazekw/, &c. `Fifty-one', &c. /Ngued“z kasinska./ `Sixty' <75> /Ngued“z kasinska taba pazekw/, &c. `Sixty-one', &c. /T“baw“z kasinska./ `Seventy.' /T“baw“z kasinska taba pazekw/, &c. `Seventy-one', &c. /Ns“zek kasinska./ `Eighty.' /Ns“zek kasinska taba pazekw/, &c. `Eighty-one', &c. /Noliwi kasinska./ `Ninety.' /Noliwi kasinska taba pazekw/, &c. `Ninety-one', &c. /Nguedatgua./ `One hundred.' /Nguedatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Hundred and one', &c. /Nisatgua./ `Two hundred.' /Nisatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Two hundred and one', &c. /Nsatgua./ `Three hundred.' /Nsatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Three hundred and one', &c. /Iawatgua./ `Four hundred.' /Iawatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Four hundred and one', &c. /N“nnatgua./ `Five hundred.' /N“nnatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Five hundred and one', &c. /Ngued“z kasatgua./ `Six hundred.' /Ngued“z kasatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Six hundred and one', &c. /T“baw“z kasatgua./ `Seven hundred.' /T“baw“z kazatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Seven hundred and one', &c. /Ns“zek kasatgua./ `Eight hundred.' <76> /Ns“zek kasatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Eight hundred and one', &c. /Noliwi kasatgua./ `Nine hundred.' /Noliwi kasatgua taba pazekw/, &c. `Nine hundred and one', &c /Ngued“mkuaki./ (pron. /--ak--ki./) `One thousand.' /Nis“mkuaki taba nis./ `Two thousand and two', &c. /Ns“mkuaki taba nas./ `Three thousand and three.' /Iaw“mkuaki taba iaw./ `Four thousand and four' /N“nn“mkuaki taba n“lan./ `Five thousand and five.' /Ngued“z kas“mkuaki/, `Six thousand.' /T“baw“z kas“mkuaki./ `Seven thousand.' /Mdala kas“mkuaki./ `Ten thousand.' /Nguedatgua kas“mkuaki./ `Hundred thousand.' /N“nnatgua kas“mkuaki./ `Five hundred thousand' /Kchi-ngued“mkuaki./ `One million.' /Nisda kchi-ngued“mkuaki./ `Two millions.' /Mdala kasta kchi-ngued“mkuaki./ `Ten millions.' (2. {Distributive numbers}.) /Papazego/; /papazegwen./ `One by one; one each, or to each.' /Nenisoak/; /nenisnol./ `Two every time, three each, or to each.' <77> /Nenloak/; /nenhenol./ `3 every time', `3 each, or to each.' /Ieiawak/; /ieiawnol./ `4 every time', `4 each, or to each.' /Nen“nnoak/; /nen“nnenol/ `5 every time', `5 each, or to each.' /Nengued“z./ `6 every time', `6 each, or to each.' /Tet“baw“z./ `7 every time', `7 each, or to each.' /Nens“zek./ `8 every time', `8 each, or to each.' /Nenoliwi./ `9 every time', `9 each, or to each.' /Memdala./ `10 every time', `10 each, or to each.' /Nengued“nkaw./ `11 every time', `11 each, or to each.' /Nenis“nkaw./ `12 every time', `12 each, or to each.' /Nens“nkaw./ `13 every time', `13 each, or to each.' /Ieiaw“nkaw./ `14 every time', `14 each, or to each.' /Nen“nn“nkaw./ `15 every time', `15 each, or to each.' /Nengued“z kas“nkaw./ `16 every time', `16 each, or to each.' /Tet“baw“z kas“nkaw./ `17 every time', `17 each, or to each.' /Nens“zek kas“nkaw./ `18 every time', `18 each, or to each.' <78> /Nenoliwi kas“nkaw./ `19 every time', `19 each, or to each.' /Nenisinska./ `20 every time', `20 each, or to each.' /Nenisinska taba pazekw./ `21 every time', `21 each, or to each.' /Nensinska./ `30 every time', `30 each, or to each.' /Nensinskatabapazekw./ `31 every time', `31 each, or to each.' /Ieiawinska./ `40 every time', `40 each, or to each.' /Nen“nniska./ `50 every time', `50 each, or to each.' /Nenegued“z kasinska./ `60 every time', `60 each, or to each.' /Tet“baw“z kasinska./ `70 every time', `70 each, or to each.' /Nens“zek kasinska./ `80 every time', `80 each, or to each.' /Nenoliwi kasinska./ `90 every time', `90 each, or to each.' /Nenguedatgua./ `100 every time', `100 each, or to each.' /Nenguedalgua taba pazekw./ `101 every time', `101 each, or to each.' /Nenisatgua./ `200 every time', `200 each, or to each.' /Nensatgua./ `300 every time', `300 each, or to each.' /Ieiawatgua ./ `400 every time', `400 each, or to each.' <79> /Nenoliwi kasatgua./ `900 every time', `900 each, or to each, /Nengued“mkuaki./ `1000 every time', `1000 each, or to each.' /Nenis“mkuaki./ `2000 every time', `2000 each, or to each.' /Nens“mkuaki./ `3000 every time', `3000 each, or to each.' /Nengued“z kas“mkuaki./ `6000 every time', `6000 each, or to each.' /Nenoliwi kas“mkuaki./ `9000 every time'; `9000 each, or to each.' /Memdala kas“mkuaki./ `10,000 every time', `10,000 each, or to each.' /Nenisinska kas“mkuaki./ `20,000 every time', `20,000 each, or to each.' /Nenguedatgua kas“mkuaki./ `100,000 every time', `100,000 each, or to each.' /Kekchi ngued“mkuaki./ `1,000,000 every time', `1,000,000 each, or to each.' (3. {Multiplying Numbers}.) /Pazgueda./ `Once.' /Nisda./ `Twice.' /Nseda./ `Three times.' /Iawda./ `Four times.' /N“nneda./ `Five times.' /Ngued“z kasta./ `6 times.' /T“baw“z kasta./ `7 " .' /Ns“zek kasta./ `8 " .' /Noliwi kasta./ `9 " .' <80> /Mdala kasta./ `10 times.' /Ngued“nkaw kasta./ `11 " .' /Nonn“nkaw kasta./ `15 " .' /Noliwi kas“nkaw kasta/ `19 " .' /Nisinska kasta./ `20 " .' /Nisinska taba pazekw kasta./ `21 " ' /Nisinska taba nis kasta./ `22 " .' /Nsinska kasta./ `30 " .' /Nsinska taba n“lan kasta./ `35 " .' /Iawinska kasta./ `40 " .' /N“nninska kasta./ `50 " .' /Nguedatgua kasta./ `100 " .' /Nguedoz kasatgua kasta./ `600 " .' /Ngued“mkuaki kasta./ `1000 " .' /Kchi-nguedomkuaki taba negued“z kasatgua taba n“nninska taba n“lan kasta./ `1000,655 " .' (Literally: `one great thousand and six hundred and fifty and five times.) (4. {Multiplying Distributive Numbers}.) /Papazgueda./ `Once [e]very time'; `once each, or to each.' /Nenisda./ `Twice every time'; `twice each, or to each.' /Nenseda./ `Three times every time'; `3 times each, or to each.' <81> /Ieiawda./ `4 times every time'; `4 times each, or to each.' /Nen“nneda./ `5 times every time'; `5 times each or to each.' /Nengued“z kasta./ `6 times every time'; `6 times each, or to each.' /Tet“bawoz kasta./ `7 times every time'; `7 times each, or to each.' /Nens“zek kasta./ `8 times every time'; 8 times each or to each.' /Nenoliwi kasta./ `9 times every time'; `9 times each, or to each.' /Memdala kasta./ `10 times every time'; `10 times each, or to each.' /Neniz“nkaw kasta./ `12 times every time'; `12 times each, or to each.' /Nen“nn“nkaw kasta./ `15 times every time'; `15 times each, or to each.' /Nenisinska kasta./ `20 times every time'; `20 times each, or to each.' /Nenisinska taba pazekw kasta./ `21 times every time'; `21 times each, or toeach.' <82> /Nensinska kasta./ `30 times every time'; `30 times each, or to each.' /Ieiawinska kasta./ `40 times every time'; `40 times each, or to each.' /Nen“nninska kasta./ `50 times every time'; `50 times each, or to each.' /Nenguedatgua kasta./ `100 times every time'; `100 times each, or to each.' /Nenisatgua kasta./ `200 times every time'; `200 times each, or to each.' /Nen“nnatgua kasta./ `500 times every time'; `500 times each, or to each.' /Nengued“mkuaki kasta./ `1000 times every time'; `1000 times each, or to each.' 5. {Ordinal numbers marking the order and succession of animate objects, and personified things}.) /Nitamabit./ `The first.' /Nis akw“babit./ `The second.' /Nas akw“babit./ `The third.' /Iaw akw“babit./ `The fourth.' /N“lan akw“babit./ `The fifth.' /Mdala akw“babit./ `The tenth.' /N“nn“nbaw akw“babit./ `The fifteenth.' <83> /Ngued“z kas“nkaw akw“babit./ `The sixteenth.' /Nisinska akw“babit./ `The twentieth.' /Iawinska akw“babit./ `The fortieth.' /N“ninska akw“babit./ `The fiftieth.' /Ngued“z kasinska akw“babit./ `The sixtieth.' /Noliwi kasinska akw“babit./ `The ninetieth.' /Noliwi kasinska taba noliwi akw“babit./ `The ninety-ninth.' /Nguedatgua akw“babit./ `The hundreth.' /Nguedatgua taba n“nninska kw“babit./ `The hundred and fiftieth.' /Ngued“mkuaki taba nonnatgua taba n“nninska taba n“lan akw“babit/, etc., etc. `The thousand five hundred and fifty-fifth', etc., etc. (6. {Ordinal numbers marking the order and succession of things}.) /Nitamatak./ `The first.' /Nis akw“btak./ `The second.' /Nas akw“btak./ `The third.' /Iaw akw“btak./ `The fourth.' /N“lan akw“btak./ `The fifth.' /Mdala akw“btak./ `The tenth.' /N“nn“nkaw akw“btak./ `The fifteenth.' /Ngued“z kas“nkaw akw“btak./ `The sixteenth.' /Nisinska akw“btak./ `The twentieth.' /Iawinska akw“btak./ `The fortieth.' <84> /N“nninska akw“btak./ `The fiftieth.' /Ngued“z kasinska akw“btak./ `The sixtieth.' /Noliwi kasinska taba noliwi akw“btak. `The ninety-ninth.' /Nguedatgua taba n“nninska akw“btak./ `The hundred and fiftieth.' /Mdala kas“mkuaki taba n“nnatgua taba n“nninska taba n“lan akw“btak/, etc. `The ten thousand five hundred and fifty fifth', etc. (7. {Ordinal numbers marking the order and succession of chapters, verses, sections of laws, articles of regulations, etc}.) /Nitamagimguak/ or /pazekw alagimguak./ `First.' /Nis alagimguak./ `Second, or secondly.' /Nas alagimguak./ `Third, or thirdly.' /N“lan alagimguak./ `Fifth, or fifthly.' /Mdala alagimguak./ `Tenth, or tenthly.' /Nisinska alagimguak./ `Twentieth, or twentiethly.' /N“nninska alagimguak./ `Fiftieth, or fiftiethly.' /Nguedatgua alagimguak/, etc., etc. `Hundreth, or hundredthly', etc., etc. (8. {Fractional numbers}.) /Iawi cheben“zik./ `One quarter.' /Psigia/; /pabasi.../ `The half.' <85> /Iawi chebenozik nsichebat./ `Three quarters; three fourths.' /Nasi cheben“zik./ `The third.' /Nasi cheben“zik nisichebat./ `Two thirds.' /N“nni cheben“zik./ `One fifth.' /N“nni cheben“zik nsichebat./ `Three fifths.' /Ngued“z kasi cheben“zik./ `One sixth.' /Mdala kasi cheben“zik./ `One tenth.' /Mdala kasi cheben“zik iawi-chebat./ `Four tenths.' /Nguedatgua kasi cheben“zik/, etc. `One hundredth', etc. (9. {Multiple numbers}.) /Pkawiwi./ (or /nisda pkawiwi./) `The double.' /Nseda pkawiwi./ `The triple.' /Iawdi pkawiwi./ `The quadruple.' /N“nneda pkawiwi./ `The quintuple.' /Nguedatgua kasta pkawiwi./ `The centuple.' <86> VOCABULARY OF ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. INVARIABLE PARTICLES. (1. {Adverbs}.) /O'h““./ `Yes.' /Kalaata./ `Indeed; truly; in fact.' /O'da./ `No; not; neither, nor.' /Kizi./ `Already; after.' /Mina./ `Again, yet, still.' /Askua./ `Still, again.' /Asma./ `Never, not yet.' /Kigizi./ `Already; beforehand.' /Wl“gwa./ `Yesterday.' /Saba./ `To-morrow.' /Pita./ `Very, much.' /Nopaiwi./ `Far.' /Pasojiwi./ `Near; nearly.' /T“ni./ `How; where; what.' /T“ni kasi .../ `How much.' /Mawia./ `Better.' /Awasiwi./ `Beyond, furthermore.' /Chit“iwi/, (/chito.../) `Further'; `worst.' /Nod“iwi/, (/nod“.../) `Less.' /Tagasiwi/ (/tagasi .../) `Little; few.' /Wigaw“jiwi/, (/wigaw“ji.../) `Often, frequently.' /Sipkiwi/, (/sipki.../) `Late.' /Nadawiwi/, (/nadawi.../) `Seldom, rarely.' /Nabiwi/, (/nabi.../) `Early, soon.' <87> /Mamlawiwi/, (/mamlawi.../) `Much; abundantly.' /Sasagiwi/, (/sasagi.../) `Straight, directly.' /Nitta./ `Forthwith, immediately.' /Pasodawiwi./ `Near, nearly.' /Pab“miwi./ `About.' /Ni./ `So; and.' /Kwaskuai./ `Enough.' (/Wami.../, /tabi.../). `Enough.' /Wz“mi./ `Too much.' /Mina./ `More; again.' /Askua awasiwi./ `Furthermore, moreover' (/Kassi.../) `So much, so many.' /N“bi kassi./ `As much, as many.' /Alwa./ `Almost.' /U/, /iu/, /u tali./ `Here.' /Ni/, /enni/, /ni tali./ `There.' /Kizi./ `Already.' /Almitebihl“k./ `Afterwards.' /Askua mina./ `Yet, still yet.' /Chiga./ `When.' /Ni./ /ni adoji./ `Then.' /N“wat/, /neg“niwi./ `Formerly.' /Wskebi/, /kizilla./ `Perhaps.' /Wig“damiwi/, (/wig“dami.../) `Willingly.' /Kassiwi./ `Together.' /Pab“miwi./ `About.' /Nalwiwi./ `Everywhere.' /Paliwi./ `Elsewhere.' /Kwajemiwi./ `Out; outside.' /Chebiwi./ `Besides.' <88> /Kwelbiwi./ `Behind.' /Awasiwi./ `Beyond, over.' /Niku“bioji./ `Henceforth, hereafter.' /Tasiwi./ `Upon.' /Wazwaiwi/, (/wazwa.../) `Back, backward.' /Nik“niwi/, (/nik“ni.../^1) `Ahead, forward.' (2. {Prepositions}.) /Asma awdimokw./ `Before the war.' /Kisi sp“zikimuk./ `After breakfast.' /Nik“niwi agmak./ `Before him.' /Kasiwi wijiaa./ `With is brother.' /Kikajiwi chebessagahiganek./ `Against the wall.' /Al“miwi ababskedak./ `In the stove.' /Oji papai“da./ `Since his arrival.' /Kwelbiwi kl“ganek./ `Behind the door.' /Wskijiwi tawipodik./ `On the table.' /Naguiwi abonek./ `Under the bed.' /Nansawiwi tawz“ganikok./ `Between the windows.' /Laguiwi niak./ `Towards me.' /Chebiwi aw“ssisak./ `Besides the children.' /Weji m“ni./ `For cash.' /Kwani podawazimuk./ `During the council.' /Aku“bi kist“zik./ `According the decision.' /Aku“bigek chowagidamw“ganal./ `According the commandments.' ^1 NOTE. These {adverbs} placed between {parenthesis} mean what is ascribed to them but when they are placed before a verb, or an adjective, and never can be used otherwise: /Nik“ni m“job/, `he (she) went ahead.' <89> /Wskijiwi abaku“ganek./ `Upon the roof.' /Weji ni lidw“gan./ `Concerning (for) that affair.' /Pab“miwi, nisoak m“niak./ About two dollars.' /S“biwi whagak./ `Through the body.' /Wiwniwi wigw“mek./ `Round the house.' /Pasodawiwi/ or /pasojiwi niunak./ `Near us.' /Seb“iwi/ or /aseb“iwi pemelodigan./ `Along the fence.' /Kuajemiwi aiamihawigamigok./ `Out of the church.' /Tatebesbawiwi odanak./ `Opposite the city.' /Weji nia./ `As for me, for me, for my part.' /Lli asokwek./ `Up to the clouds.' /Awasiwi odanak./ `Beyond the city, village.' /P“zijiwi ni./ `Above that', `-- place.' (3. {Conjunctions}.) /Ta/, /ni./ `And; also.' /Achi./ `Also.' /K“dak./ `Thus; as.' /Wz“mi./ `For, because.' /Oji ali./ `Whereas; because.' /Kanwa./ `But; however.' /Ta“lawi./ `As; like.' /Ni nawa./ `Therefore, then.' /T“ni adoji./ `When.' /O'da./ `Nor.' /Chaga./ `If.' <90> /T“ni./ `Whether, if.' /Kanwa./ `Nevertheless.' /Ali./ `That; because.' /Minaguiba./ `Though, although.' /Waji/; /wajiji./ `That, in order that.' /Pajitebihl“ga./ `In case, if.' /Ni wattak./ `Therefore; wherefore.' /Weji alinsat“zik./ `For fear that.' /Tabat/, /tabatta./ `Provided that.' /O'daki./ `Rather than.' /Aiaga/; /chaga “da./ `Unless.' /Anegitta./ As soon as.' /N“bi ta“lawi./ `As well as, in the same way as.' /Oji ali./ `As; because.' /Oji ali nsat“zik./ `For fear that.' /Tabat./ `Provided that.' /Kaalaki./ `Indeed, in reality.' (4. {Interjections}.) /Ahaa!/ } /Enni!/ } /Lahi!/ } Exclamations expressing success and satisfaction. /Wligen!/ } /Aiioo!/ } /Akkwajala!/ } /Kaam“ji!/ } Articulations expressing embarrassment. /Niaiaga!/ } /Saagin“gw!/ } /Kdem“gin“gw!/ } /Wessagin“gw!/ } /Saagad!/ } Articulations expressing commiseration or pity. /O'galigu“muk!/ } <91> /Wha!/ } /Nha!/ } /Kam“ji!/ } Exclamations expressing derision or irony. /Alliguan“gw!/ } /Ah!/ } /Aie!/ } Exclamations expressing disapprobation. /Aah!/ } /Sh't!/ } Articulations commanding silence. /Tabat!/ } FAMILIAR PHRASES TO FACILITATE CONVERSATION. (1. {For questioning, affirming, denying, going, coming, &c}.) /Awani na?/ `Who is that?' /Nmitogwes na./ `That's my father.' /Kagni/ or /Kagwes ni?/ `What is that ? /Wiz“wim“nii sakhiljahon./ `A gold ring.' /T“ni k'-d-lanohomen ni sakhiljahon?/ `How much did you pay for that ring?' /N“nnoak m“niak./ `Five dollars.' /Kagui lla?/ `What is the matter?' /Nawji papoldoak, ketagik awdoldoak./ `Some are playing, the others are fighting.' /Kagui llit“guat?/ `What is the news?' /O'da kagui n“damiwi./ `Nothing particular.' /Chiga pai“an?/ (sing.) `When did you come? (arrive?)' Wl“gwa/ or /wl“goa./ `Yesterday.' <92> /Kagui askawitoan?/ `What are you waiting for?' /N'd-askawiton n'm“nim./ `I am waiting for my money.' /Kagui k'-d-eliwizi?/ `What is your name?' /N'-d-eliwizi Sozap./ `My name is Joseph.' /Kagui k'-d-idam?/ `What do you say?' /Odatta n'keloziw./ `I don't speak at all.' /Kagui k'-d-elaloka?/ (sing.) `What are you doing?' (sing.) /Kagui k'-d-elalokaba?/ (dual.) `What are you doing?' (dual.) /Kagui k'-d-elalokhediba?/ (plur.) `What are you doing?' (plur.) /N'-d-abaznodakabena./^1 `We are making baskets.' /N'-d-abaznodakhedibena./ `We are making baskets.' /Kagui kadi nadodemawian?/ `What do you want to ask me?' /K'kadi nadodemol waji nadmihian nlhoak m“niak./ `I want to ask you to lend me three dollars.' /Awani u wigw“m?/ `Whose house is this?' /Awani u wigit?/ `Who lives here?' /Nmessis./ `My sister' (older than I.) /Nichemis./ { `My brother.' } (younger than I.) { `My sister.' } ^1. /N'-d-abaznodakabena/ is generally used when speaking of two or more persons, if their number is definite to the speaker; but when he has no definite idea of the number of persons performing the action, he will say: /n'dabaznodakhedibena/, `we (many of us) make baskets.' <93> /Awani ulil w'-dÄawikhiganal?/ `Whose books are these?' Awani nilil w'pilaskomal?/ `Whose papers are those?' /Nid“pso ulil w'-d-awikhiganal./ `These books are my sister's -- belong to my sister.' /Nitsakaso nilil w'pilaskomal./ `Those papers belong to my sister.' /Kagui n'-d-achowi llalokabena?/ `What have we to do?' /Kagui k'-d-achowi llalokabena?/ ^1 `What have we to do?' /K'-d-achowi m“jibna kpiwi./ `We have to go into the woods.' /Awani kwilawahoan?/ `Whom do you look for?' /Kagui kwilawatoan?/ `What do you look for?' /Kagui waniadoan?/ `What have you lost?' /N'moswa n'waniadon./ `I lost my handkerchief', (lit: `my handkerchief I lost it.') /N'waniado m“ni./ `I lost some money.' /N'waniadon moni./ [sic] `I lost the money.' /Ni alak./ /Lla ni./ `It is the truth.' `It is true.' /K'kizi wl“mawaldamikhoga./ `You have been imposed upon.' /Akui nitta wl“mawalma mziwi awani./ `Don't believe immediately every body.' /Alni ni k'-d-idamen?/ `Do you joke?' ^1. Here {we} includes the person or persons to whom the interrogation is made; whereas in the preceding sentence, {we} excludes the person or persons spoken to: as given in the {article of pronouns}, at the end of the First Part of this book. <94> /O'da k'ol“mawalmelo./ `I don't believe you.' /K'ol“ma/; /wl“ma./ `You are in the right'; `he is in the right.' /O'da wl“mawi/; /“da wl“mawiak./ `He (she) is not in the right'; `they are not in the right.' /Wz“mi kelozo./ `He (she) speaks too much.' /W'z“mi ms“doak./ `They speak too loud.' /S“gnawabigw/; /k'oz“mi neskt“gwziba./ `Be quiet'; `you make too much noice.' (pl.) /K'wawinaw“w“ na san“ba?/ `Do you know that man?' (plur.) /N'wanaldamen w'wizow“gan./ `I forgot his name.' /O'da tabin“guatowi ni tbelod“zo./ `It is not worth while to speak of that.' /N'-d-achewaldamen k'olitawin .../ `I want you to make me...' /Wliwni wji k'olidahaw“gan nia wji./ `I thank you for your kindness towards me.' /K'oz“mi wlidah“ nia wji./ `You are too good to me.' /N'olilawak“gon ni n'd-elalokan kia weji./ `It affords me pleasure to do that for you.' (sing.) /T“ni alosaan./ `Where are you going?' (sing.) /T“ni alosaakw./ `Where are you going?' (plur.) /Nopaiwi n'-d-elosa./ `I am going far--. off.' /O'daaba k'kizi wijawiw/ `You can't come with me.' (sing.) <95> /Pasojiwi n'-d-elesa./ `I am going near by. /Wijawigw./ `Come with me' (plur.) /N'm“ji wigiak./ `I am going home.' /'M“jo wigiidit./ `He (she) is going home.' /'M“joak wigiidit./ `They are going home.' /K'oz“mi kezosaba./ `You walk too fast.' (pl.) /Wz“mi mannosak./ `They walk too slow.' /K'wizaka?/ `Are you in a great hurry?' (sing.) /Llosada ag“mek./ `Let us go to the other side of the river.' /Pkag“nda, (lessagu“gan, sibo, “wdi/, etc.) `Let us cross, (the bridge, the river, the road, etc.) /Pidigada./ `Let us go in.' /Sahosada./ `Let us go out.' /Sahosagw./ `Go out.' (plur.) /N'-d-aspig“dawa./ `I go up (stairs).' /N'pen“dawa./ `I go down (stairs).' /U llagosada./ `Let us go this way.' /Ni alagosaadit./ `They go that way.' /Lagosa alnakaiwi/ ({ind.} and {imp.}) `He (she) goes to the right'; `go to the right.' /O'da llagosawi p“jiwi./ `He (she) does not go to the left.' /S“sasagosatta/ ({imp.} and {ind.}) `Go straight along'; `he (she) goes straight along.' /Wazwassa tagasiwi/, ({imp.} and {ind.}) `Go back a little' (sing.); `he (she) goes back a little.' /Petegi mina./ `Go back again' (sing).' <96> /Akui m“ji, “ai u kasiwi niuna./ `Don't go away, stay here with us.' /T“ni wadosaan?/ (sg.) } `Where do you come from?' /T“ni wadosaakw?/ (pl.) } /N'odosa k'wigmw“mw“g/ `I come from your house.' /N'odosa wigiak./ `I come from home.' /N'odosa nzasis{ek}./* `I come from my uncle's' /Losa ni./ `Go there', (sing.) /Wijawi/, (sing.) } `Come (along) with me.' /Wijawigw/, (plur.) } /Pasodosa skwedak, awazi./ `Come near the fire, warm[ed] yourself.' /K'-d-askawiholji./ `I will wait for you', (sing.) /Skawihigw u tali./ `Wait for me here', (sing). /T“wdana kl“gan, tawz“gan./ `Open the door, the window, (sing.') /Kebaha kl“ganal ta tawz“ganal./ `Shut the doors and the windows.' /N'm“ji wigiak nikw“bi./ `I go home now.' /Sabaji u mina n'pai“n./ `To-morrow I will come here again' (lit, `to-morrow will here again I come at.') /N“bitta ni talebat w'pai“niala “da./ `It is all the same whether he comes or not.' /K'tabin“gwzin“ k'sazamhogan“/ `You deserve to be whipped.' (pl.) /Mamagah“banik weji p“batamw“gan./ `They have been ill treated for religion's sake.' * See the explanations concerning the terms of relationship page 22. <97> /K'-d-akwamalsoin“gwzi./ `You look sick.' /Pazego “pdalmo, kedak melisja./ `One laughs, and the other weeps.' /Az“ paami waw“dam “daki Pial./ `John is wiser than Peter.' /Wilawigoak tatebiwi./ `They are both rich.' /Saagigoak tatebiwi?/ `Are they both industrious?' /Saagigoak tatebiwi./ `They are both industrious.' /N“bi w'toji wilawigin tah“lawi widokana./ `He (she) is as rich as his (her) brother.' /Kakaswi almi kchiaooit, kakaswi kagapsa./ `The older he (she) grows, the deafer he (she) is.' /Kakaswi almi alokaa, kakaswi n'ol“wzi/, `The more I work, the better off I am.' /T“niji kwani wlideb'alokaa n'kezalmegwziji./ `As long as I shall behave well, I will be loved.' /O'da n'tabi wilawigiw waji ni manohoma./ `I am not rich enough to buy that.' /Paami nabi paiak pamekisgak “daki attoji pai“dit./ `They arrived to-day sooner than they usually do.' /K'mamlawi nod“sani “daki agma./ `You are by far not so strong as he is.' /N'-d-eliwlaldamaw“n w'-d-elosan kpiwi./ `I give him leave to go to the woods.' /Kakaswi kagapsa almi kchaioit./ `The older he grows, the deafer he is.' <98> /Kakaswi n'-d-aloka, kaswi n'saag“wzi./ `The more I work, the more needy I am.' /Azo adali wawinak weji mziwi agakimogik./ `John is the most advanced of all my scholars.' (2. {To inquire after health.}) /Paakuin“gwzian, nijia./ `Good morning, Sir'^1. /T“ni k-d-“ll“wzin?/ `How do you do?' /N'w“wl“wzi pita./ `Very well', (lit: `I am very well.') /T“ni k-d-aw“ssissemak w'-d-“ll“wzin“?/ `How do your children do? /W“wl“wzoak mziwi./ `They are all well.' /T“ni kigawes w'd-“ll“wzin?/ `How does your mother do?' /O'da kuina w“wl“wziwi./ `She is not (very) well.' /Kagui l“wza?/ `What is her illness?' (`what ails her?') /Wesguin“gana mzena./ `She has got a cold.' /N'-d-elsedam kn“jikw agua achi m“madamalso./ `I have heard your uncle is also unwell.' /Llaki ni, w'kued“gan w'-d-akuamadamen./ `So it is, he has got a sore throat.' /N“wat wa aw“ssis w'-noji akwamalsin?/ `Has this child been sick now a long time?' /O'da kuina n“wat./ `No, not very long.' /K'waj“nem nbizonal./ `Have you any medicines?' ^1. NOTE. -- /Nijia/ (`my brother') is used instead of {Sir} in English. <99> /N'mesalto wli nbizonal./ `I have many good medicines.' /N'wig“dam ni alsedolan./ `I am happy to hear you say so.' (3. {Of the Age}.) /K'kasigadema?/ `How old are you?' /Nisinska n'kasigadema./ `I am twenty years old.' /Kasigademak kmit“gwes ta kigawes?/ `How old are your father and your mother?' /Nmit“gwes ngued“z kasinska kasigadema, ni nigawes n“nninska./ `My father is sixty years old, and my mother fifty.' /Pita kizi kchiaoo nmit“gwes./ `My father is already very old.' /Nigawes paami kchiain“gwezo “daki kasigademad./ `My mother looks older than she is.' /Wski aln“bao/; /wski phanemoo./ `He is a young man'; `she is a young woman.' /Askua pita k'nahn“gamato, “lawi pita k'kichiawwi./ `You are yet active (vigorous), although very old.' /N'-d-alamizowi wahw“gom“ Tabaldak milit s“glamalsow“gan akw“bigademaa./ `I thank the Lord who gives me good health in my age.' /K'kasigadema tah“lawi nia?/ `Are you of my age?' /N'kasigadema tah“lawi kia, tah“lawi agma./ `I am of your age, of his age.' <100> /Nia adali kchiawwia./ `I am the oldest.' /Nia adali aw“ssiswia./ `I am the youngest.' /Awani paami kchiawwit kiuw“ nisiwi?/ `Who is the oldest of you two?' /Awani adali kchiawwit kiuw“ nloiwi?/ `Who is the oldest of you three?' /Nia./ `It is I.' /K'kas“baiba?/ `How many brothers are you?' /N'nis“baibena, n'nes“baibena, n'iaw“baibena./ `We are two brothers, three, four brothers.' /O'da n'waj“n“ ({or} n'waj“n“w), nijia/, {or} /“da n'owijiaiw./ `I have no brother.' /O'da 'waj'“nawi wijiaa/, {or} /“'da wijiaiwi./ `He has no brother.' /O'da waj“nawi wid“bsoa/, {or} /“da wid“bsomiwi./ `She has no brother'; `he has no sister.' /Kasoak aw“ssisak k'waj“n“?/ `How many children have you?' /N'waj“n“ ngued“z aw“ssisak: nisoak wskinnosisak ta iawak n“kskuasisak. `I have six children: two boys and four girls.' (literally: `two little boys and four little girls.') /Kasigadema adali kchiaowit k'-d-aw“ssisem?/ `How old is the oldest of your children?' (`your oldest child'). /Adali kchiaowit n'-d-aw“ssisem ngued“z kas“nkaw kasigadema./ `The oldest of my children is sixteen years of age.' <101> /Kasigadema ato wa wski aln“ba?/ `How old may this young man be?' /Aw“ssisoo askua pita, kanwa kwenakuezo./ `He is young yet, but he is tall.' /Nadawiwi niku“bi pm“wzowinino kwen“wzo nguedatgua./ `It is seldom that a person now lives to the age of a hundred years.' /Nmahom nikw“bi nguedatguat taba iaw kasigadema./ `My grandfather is now a hundred and four years of age.' (4. {On the hour}.) /Kas“mkipoda ato nekw“bi?/ `What o'clock may it be now?' /Ngued“mkipoda pab“miwi./ `It is about one o'clock.' /Tabenatta s“kh“ban./ `The day-break will soon appear.' /Kisos s“khipozo./ `The sun is rising.' /Kizi n“wwat chakuat./ `It is late' (speaking in the morning). /O'da, askua pita sp“zoo./ `No, it is early yet (in the morning.)' /T“ni ato kw“bkisgad?/ `How late may it be (in the day)?' /Kizi paskua./ `It is already noon.' /Kwaskuai paskua nikw“bi./ `It is just noon now.' /M“job kizi paskuat nis“mkipodak./ `He started after twelve o'clock (noon)' /Pagadosab ngued“z kas“mkipodak sp“zowiwi./ `He came back at six o'clock in the morning.' <102> /Kizi nkihla./ `It is sun down.' /Kizi ato kam“jitebakad/ `It must be late in the night.' /O'da, asma n“damitebakadowi./ `No, it is not yet late (in the night.)' /Kizi n“witebakad?/ `Is it already midnight?' /O'da, asmo n“witebakadowi. `No, it is not yet midnight.' /Kizi nikw“bi paami ({or} awasiwi) n“witebakad./ `It is now midnight past.' /N'm“jiji kizi n“witebakka./ `I will start after midnight.' /Paiab nahn“witebakka./ `He (she) came at midnight .' /K'osp“zi toki wigaw“jiwi?/ ({sing}.) } /K'osp“zi tokiba wigaw“jiwi?/ ({plur}.) } `Do you generally get up early in the morning?' /N'osp“zi tokibenƒ majimiwi./ `We always get up early in the morning.' /Chowi sp“zi tokin majimiwi./ `One must always get up early.' /O'miki, ({or} “mki), nijia, kizi chakuat./ `Get up, my brother, it is day light.' /K'sazig“dam; k'oz“mi sazipkekwsi./ `You are lazy; you sleep too long.' /Asma noliwi kas“mkipodawi./ `It is not yet nine o'clock.' /Kina papisookuazik, kizi mdala kas“mkipoda./ `See the clock, it is already ten o'clock.' <103> /O'daani m“jowiwi papisookuazik./ `That clock is not going.' /O'da n'-d-aspigu“bakhamowenab./ `I did not wind it up.' /Tebaikisos“gan m“joo; kizi mdala taba pabasiwi./ `The watch is going; it is now (already) half past ten.' /Adoji udup akuamadama, “daaba n'kizi “mikiw nikw“bi./ `I have such a headache, I can't get up now.' /T“ni w'toji nkihl“n ({or} nkosan) kisos nikw“bi?/ `At what time does the sun set?' /Nkihla ngued“z taba pabasiwi./ `It sets at half past six (o'clock).' /Chiga k'm“jiba wigiakw?/ `When will you go home?' /Nm“jibenaji wigiak kwaskuai n“nn“mkipodaga./ `We will go home at five o'clock precisely.' /Tebaikisos“gan u ({or} u tebaikisos“gan) pita wligen./ `This watch is very fine ({or} very good.)' /Wli tebaikisos“gan u./ `This is a good watch.' /T“ni ll“wado?/ `How much did it cost?' /Ll“wado nisinska taba n“lan m“niak./ `It cost twenty five dollars.' /Kizi u aawakamuk./ `It is a second hand watch.' /N'tebhikisos“gan wz“mi kezosao./ `My watch goes too fast.' /Nia wz“mi mannosao./ `Mine goes too slow.' <104> /Agma wlosao./ `His keeps the right time.' /W'kiz'“nkohl“n w'tebhikisos“gan. `He has sold his watch.' /N'kiz'“nkohl“nana n'tebhibizos“ganna./ `We have sold our watch, (we, you excluded.)' /K'kiz'“nkohl“nana k'tebhikizos“ganna./ `We have sold our watch, (we, you included.)' (5. {On the weather}.) /T“ni llekisgad./ `How is the weather?' /Wlekisgad./ `It is fine weather.' /O'da wlekisgadwi./ `It is not fine weather.' /Majkisgad./ `It is bad weather.' /Pita majkisgad/, {or} /pita neskekisgad./ `The weather is very bad.' /Asokwad?/ `Is it cloudy?' /Asokwad./ `It is cloudy.' /Wli kakasakwad./ `It is clear fair weather.' /Kisosoo./ `The sun shines.' /O'da kisoswiwi./ `The sun does not shine.' /Pesgawan./ `It is foggy.' /Kzel“msenoso./ `It blows a little.' /Kinl“msen./ `It blows hard, it is stormy.' /Tkel“msen./ `The wind blows cold.' /Sakp“l“msen./ `It blows a gale.' /N'-d-elaldam sogl“nji pamekisgak./ `I think it will rain today.' /Sogl“noso askua./ `It rains a little yet.' <105> /Kizi akwl“n./ `The rain is over.' /Askua ps“n./ `It is snowing yet.' /Sogl“nji mina pita nabiwi./ `It will rain again very soon.' /Noli wissebagezi./ `I am all wet.' /Nia achi n'wissebagezi./ `I am wet too.' /O'da kiuw“ k'wissegezippa?/ `Are you not wet? (pl.)' /Noli wissebagezibena./ `We are all wet.' /O'da n'waj“nemoppena “bagawatahigan./ `We have no umbrella.' /N'namih“ managu“n./ `I see the rainbow.' /Id“za ni agua kadawi wawlekisgad./ `They say that it is a sign of fine weather.' /O'da majimiwi, wz“mi n“ngueji askua pepadl“n k“gasogueniwi./ `Not always, because it sometimes rains for many days after.' /Wawamamguat ali pilowel“msek./ `One perceives that the wind is changed.' /K'kinl“namibena wal“guiga./ `We had a great storm yesterday in the evening.' /T“ni aiiakwza kwani pad“giiwik?/ `Where were you during the thunder storm.' /N'-d-aib kik“nek m“ja pad“giiwik./ `I was in the field when it began to thunder.' /K'nodam nawa kagui lli wagaloka pad“gi?/ `Did you hear that the thunder has done any damage?' /Pad“gi pagessin aiamihawigamigok./ `The thunder-bolt fell upon the church.' /O'da awanihi nhlawi?/ `Did it kill any body?' <106> /Asma wawalmeguadowi./ `It is not known, yet.' /Pilaskwikokji chowi nod“guad./ `The newspapers will not fail to give an account of it.' /Melikaskadenji saba./ `We shall have a hard frost to-morrow.' /Kizi nikw“bi meliki keladen./ `It freezes very hard now.' /O'da m“lhidah“mguadowi: kwaskuai nikw“bi n“wi ppon./ `It is not surprising: we are in the middle of winter.' /N'kwaskuaji pita./ `I am very cold.' /Pidiga, n“dawazi./ `Come in and warm your self.' /Neljial “bizm“goowal./ `My fingers are benumbed with cold.' /Kamguena tkebik./ `Steep them in cold water.' /O'da n'-d-elaldamowenab ali tkebi wligek weji ni./ `I didn't think that cold water was good for that.' /Kizi kuinatta ms“guata./ `The snow is quite deep already.' /Llaguin“guat pitaji mliki ppon pamikadek./ `It is likely to be sharp this year.' /Pita tkel“msem pami kizi paskuak./ `The wind blows very cold this afternoon.' <107> (6. {On the time of the night.}) /Kizi adoji m“jimuk, kizi kam“di“guihla./ `It is time to go, it grows late.' /Kam“ji k'wizaka, asma noliwi kas“mkipodawi./ `You are in a great hurry, it is not yet nine o'clock.' /Noliwi? Kizi noliwi taba pabasiwi./ `Nine (o'clock?) it is already half past nine.' /Kagui wisakaman? asma n“damitebakadowi./ `What hurries you away so soon? it is not late, (speaking of the night.)' /Wz“miga n'kawi majiniwi mdala kas“mkipodak./ `It is because I usually go to bed at ten o'clock.' /Adoji nadawiwi pai“an k'-d-achoiba paami sipkabi./ `You come so seldom that you ought to stop a little longer.' /Akuiga kagui llalda, n'pakaldamikhowab aliji pagadosaa asma mdala kas“mkipodannokw./ `You'll excuse me, ({lit}: be not offended,) I promised to be at home before ten o'clock.' /N'-d-eli nkawatzi aliji saba paami sipk“dokaziakw./ `I hope to-morrow we will be (talking) longer together.' /Ni weji aiagaji paami nabi pai“ana./ `For that you will have to come earlier.' /N'pai“ji asma pezdannogw./ `I'll be here before dark.' /Adio./ `Goodbye.' <108> (7. {On arriving at the hotel.}) /Nid“bak, u pita wlitebi n“guad s“ghebai gamigw./ `My friends, here is a respectable looking inn.' /K'nawadosanana nawa u?/ `Shall we alight here?' /Pidigada./ `Let us go in.' /N'kiziba tosgomenana u?/ `Can we stop over night here?' /Pakalmeguat./ `Of course.' /K'waj“nem nawa al“msagol sigwtagil?/ `Have you any spare rooms?' /Kalaato, k'meznembaji wal“jowigil al“msagwsisal ta abonal walikkil u tali./ `Yes, gentlemen, you will find handsomelyÄfurnished rooms and good beds here.' /Lli wlalda k'olitebi ponsan, wz“mi taketa n“n“gajibena./ `Please make a good fire, for we are benumbed with cold.' /Az“, llosala ugik wdowinnoak kchi al“msagok, ni k'olitebi ponsan nitta./ `John, show the gentlemen into the parlour, and make a good fire immediately.' /Lli wlalda k'namitlin al“msagw t“ni achowi tosgoma./ `Please let me see the room I am to sleep in.' /Mali, wdena wasanem“gan ni k'n“ji namitl“n wa wdowinno w'-d-al“msagom./ `Here, Mary, take a candle and show the gentleman to his room.' /N'kiziba mzenem al“msagw “wdik alagwtag?/ `Can I have a room looking into the street?' <109> /U adali wligek u tali wigw“mek./ `Sir, here is the best in the house.' /K'-d-eli wlaldamenba k'tokimin n“n“mkipodaga sp“sowiwi?/ `Would you (be so kind as to) awake me up at five o'clock in the morning?' /Kalaato, “daaba n'wanaldamowen./ `Yes, Sir ^1, I will not forget it.' (8. {To embark in a ship.}) /Nid“ba, k'kiziba lhin t“ni li ao u ktolagw alosaik Plachm“nkik?/ `My friend, can you tell me if there is a ship in the harbour going to France?' /N'-d-elaldam ao pazegwen./ `I believe there is one.' /K'kiziba lhin t“ni li mojoo pamekisgak?/ `Can you tell me if she sails to-day?' /N'd-elaldam pamekisgak, kanwa waji pakaldaman, k'-d-achowiba klol“ captin./ `I believe she will; but to make sure, you must speak to the captain.' /T“ni ait?/ `Where is he?' /W'-dÄal“msagomek./ `In his office, (room).' /T“ni aik w'-d-al“msagom, ala w'wigw“m?/ `Where is his office, or his house?' ^1. The term "Sir" or "Gentleman", expressed in Abenakis by /Wdowinno/, which means: `man of high class', is always omitted in this language, when we address the person or persons themselves. <110> /Captin ao ({or} wigo) kchi “wdik, n“nninska taba n“lan alagimguak, awasiwi {post-office}-ek./ `The captain lives in the Main street, No 55, beyond the post-office.' /Kizi w'-d-ain w'-d-{office}-mek./ `He is in his office now.' /Paakuin“gwzian, kaptin, chiga k'-d-elaldam k'm“jaaksi./ `Good morning, captain, when do you expect to sail?' /N'm“jiji almitta ntami tamagak saba, wlitebel“msega./ `I shall go by the first tide to-morrow, if the wind is favourable.' /Kagui waji “da m“jiwwan pamekisgak almitta mina tamagak? `Why don't you go to-day by the next tide?' /Wz“miga w'-d-ain“ k“gaswak pm“wsowinnoak kizi pakaldamikhogik aliba “da m“jiwwa nod“iwi saba; ta achi “da ma“wel“msenwi pamel“guik./ `It is because I have several persons (passengers) to whom I have promised not to sail before to-morrow; and moreover the wind is not fair this evening.' /T“ni ll“wado alholdimuk?/ `What is the fare for the passage?' /Nisinska taba n“lan m“niak taba pabasiwi./ `Twenty-five dollars and a half.' /N'-d-ilhegaab ali wibiwi mdala./ `I was told it was only ten.' /T“niji kweni pmakanninana sobagok?/ `How long shall we be at sea?' <111> /O'daaba n'kizi idamowen kwaskuai, wz“mi u akw“bigadek kzel“msen “da pakalmeguadowi./ `I can't tell exactly, because at the season the wind is uncertain.' (9. {On the point of leaving.}) /Ni nikw“bi, nid“bak, k'kizi sp“zipibena ta “dabibena, ni k'-d-a chowi kistonana t“ni k'-d-elkanninana li ({or} lli) {London}./ `Now, my friends, we have had our breakfast and rested ourselves, we must decide which way we shall go to London.' /Ao pegua k“gasnol “wdial waji ni losamuk?/ `Are there several ways of going there?' /O'h““, k'kizi sasagosabena ta lli {London} stimbotek, ala k'pikag“bena lli {Dover} ni niwji alnahlagw“wdik lli {London}./ `Yes, we can go direct to London by the steamer, or else cross to Dover, and thence to London by the railway.' /Nadodemokada chiga m“jahla stimbot./ `Let us inquire when the steamboat starts.' /N'-d-ilhega ali m“jahl“g kwaskuai n“n“mkipodaga./ `I am told that she leaves at five o'clock sharp.' /Pitani wlitebosao kiuna wji; ni anegi nis“mkipodak, k'waj“nemebenaji kisokw waji pab“mosaakw ta namitoagw odana./ `That suits us very well; it is but two o'clock, we shall have time to walk (about) and see the city.' <112> /Kizi iaw“mkipoda mjessala n“n“nkaw, k'-d-achowi petegibena llaguiwi mamilitiganek./ `It is a quarter to four, we must turn our steps towards the wharf.' (10. {On board the steamboat.}) /Ni kizi k'pozinana./ `Now we are on board.' /K'nodamen {engine} alt“guak?/ `Do you hear the noise of the engine?' /O'da ni wibiwi, achi n'wawamadamen ali nanamipodak stimbot./ `Not only that, but I also feel the steamboat shaking.' /Kagui k'-d-el“wzi? K'pilwin“gwzi./ `What is the matter with you? You look pale.' /O'da n'olitebamalsiw; n'majilaw“ji paami sibkabi“na u wskidolagua./ `I don't feel very well; I shall be sea-sick if I remain longer on deck.' /Niga, losada kchi al“mkagok./ `Then, let us go in the main cabin.' /Kizi k'-d-akuamalsi?/ `Are you sick already?' /O'da ({or} “daagaki) taketa, kanwa pita n'majilawaamalsi./ `Not exactly, but rather qualmish.' /Niagaki wji, “da kagui n'-d-iiliogowen sobagw./ `As for me, I am not subject to sea-sickness.' <113> /Kizi n'mawiaamalsi. K'kiziji nikw“bi u “ainana, waji wlitebi namitoagw wigw“mal tali {Dover}./ `I feel better now. We can remain here now, so as to see distinctly the houses at Dover.' /Tabenatta k' n“dagahl“bena; kizi paz“bin n“dagakik./ We shall soon arrive (land); we are in sight of land.' (11. {On Travelling by water in the Indian country}.) /Nid“ba chiga k'pozibena?/ `Friend, when shall we embark?' /O'da n'wawaldomowen; “daaba alwa n'kizi m“jiw pamalakamuk./ `I don't know; I will probably not be able to start this week.' /Kagui weji?/ `Why?' /Wz“miga “da n'odoliw./ `Because I have no canoe.' /K'kadawtoli nawa?/ `Do you intend to make a canoe?' /Oh““, n'olitoji pazegwen nabiwi; kizi n'waj“nemen maskua./ `Yes, I will make one soon; I have the bark already.' /K'waj“n“ k“ksk kasi chowalm“an?/ `Have you all the cedar you want?' /Oh““, n'waj“n“./ `Yes, I have.' /K'nit“wtoli, nid“ba./ `You are skilful in making canoes, my friend.' /N“watga n'noji tolin./ `It is a long while since I have constantly made canoes.' <114> /Wlitawi nia achi pazegwen, nid“ba; k'ol“bankolji./ `Make also one for me, my friend; I will pay you well.' /K'olitolji pazegwen./ `I will make you one.' /U k'dol, nijia; k'mah“winamen?/ `Here is your canoe, my brother; do you like it?' /Kalaato, nid“ba./ `Certainly, friend.' /Chowi ato melikigen./ `I suppose it is strong.' /U k'm“nim./ `Here is your money.' /Wliwni, nijia, k'olitebi “bankawi./ `Thank you, brothen, you pay me well.' /K'pozibenaji Kissandaga, awibega./ `We will embark Monday, if it is calm.' /N'meskaw“ nisoak wski aln“bak waji wijawgoagw./ `I have found two young fellows to come with us.' /Nt“wibiak?/ `Are they good paddlers?' /Mgeniganak/, {or} /mgeniganooak./ `First rate.' /O'da atoba paamadowi k'-d-“dolibianana?/ `Would it not be better that we should row?' /N'-d-elaldam wligenba; paami kesihl“n “dolibiamuk “daki pamibiamuk./ `I think it would be good; we go quicker by rowing, than by paddling.' /Niga, kwilawaha “dolibi“ganak./ `Well, look for the oars.' /Haw, haw, nid“bak! pozoldinaj! pita wlawiben./ `Halloo, halloo, my friends! Let us embark! It is very calm.' <115> /Kaalatta wlawiben./ `It is very calm indeed.' /Postoda meziwi k'-d-ahimnawal./ `Let us embark all our luggage.' /Iaha, wskinnosisak, meliki “dolibiagw./ `Now, boys, row smartly.' /Kakaswi kzel“msen; wlitebelomsen; sibakhaham“da./ `There is more and more wind; the wind is fair; let us sail.' /Enni! kam“ji k'ksaksibena./ `Aha! we are sailing very fast.' /Sam, wlitebokwaa; wli nsato senal./ `Sam, steer well; look out for the rocks.' /Kakaswi kinl“msen; kakaswi achi kin“tego./ `It blows harder and harder; and the sea runs higher and higher.' /Kaam“ji! k'pozogobena./ `Ah! the waves come in.' /Ponagia sibakhigan./ `Take down the sail.' /Pitaji tabena sakp“n“guat; n“dagakik llachowitoda, ala k'machinabena./ `It will be dreadful; let us go towards the shore, lest we perish.' /Sibo u ao pasojiwi?/ `Is there a river near?' /Sibos u s“gdahla pasojiwi; niji aliphowaakw./ `A small river comes in near here; we will fly there.' /Ni llokuaa, Sam./ `Steer for that place, Sam.' /Ni k'polowanana./ `Now we are out of danger.' /Sakp“n“guat! Kina nebes alin“guak!/ `A dreadful time! See, how the lake looks!' <116> /Kizillaji k'-d-ali sipki kez“dhogonana u./ `We will perhaps be long wind-bound here.' /Sibagtaamoda w““baksigamigw u tali, wskinnosisak, kadi sogl“n; asokwad./ `Let us pitch the tent here, boys, it will rain; it is cloudy.' /Kizi sogl“n./ `It is raining now.' /Pidigado k'-d-ahimnawal./ `Bring in our luggage.' /K'-d-achowi sp“zi m“jibena, wlekisgaka./ `We must start early in morning, if it is fine weather.' 12. {Usual conversation between two Indians, when they meet together in their hunting ground.} /Kuai! kuai!! paakuin“gwzian, t“ni k'-d-oll“wzin?/ `Halloo! halloo!! I am glad to see you, how do you do?' /N'w“wl“wzi, kia nawa t“ni?/ `I am very well, and you?' /N'w“wl“wzi nia achi, wliwni ni./ `I am very well, thank you.' /T“ni nawa k'-d-“llalmegon?/ `What luck have you had?' /N'olalmegwga pita pamalokamuk./ `I have been very lucky this week.' /N'pith“ nisinska tmakuak ta n“nnoak wnegigwak./ `I have caught twenty beavers and five otters.' /K'kelh“ nawa mosbasak?/ `Did you catch any minks?' <117.> /N'kelh“ ngued“z kas“nkaw./ `I have caught sixteen.' /N'nihl“ achi awasos./ `I have also killed a bear.' /Wikao?/ `Was he fat?' /Kinig“mo./ `Very fat.' /Kia nawa t“ni k'-d-elalmegon?/ `And you, what luck have you had?' /T“ni lligen k-d-aki? tmakuaika?/ `How is your round? is there plenty of beaver?' /O'da kuina; kanwa mozika./ `Not much; but there is plenty of moose.' /Kaswak nawa mozak k'nihl“?/ `How many moose did you kill?' /Nisinska taba nis./ `Twenty-two.' /Kam“ji, pita ni wligen./ `Well, that's very good.' /K'pith“ ato achi chowi wakaswak tmakuak./ `You must have also caught few beavers.' /O'hoo, n'pith“ mdala./ `Yes, I have caught ten.' /Cha nikw“bi hli chiga k'kadi nahil“./ `Now, tell me when you intend to go down.' /N'-d-elaldam n'nahil“ji kedak almalokamek./ `I think I shall go down sometime next week.' /N'dwigiba nia achi kiz“ji ni tojiwi, waji nisi nahil“akw./ `I wish I could get ready by that time, so as to go home with you.' /Wigidah“damanaga k'kasi nahil“n nia, k'-d-askawiholji tali Kwan“gamak./ `If you like to come down with me, I will wait for you at Long Lake.' /Niga wligen. Chaga chajabihl“da. Adio./ `That's all right. Now let us part. Good-bye.' /Adio, wli nanawalmezi./ `Good-bye, take care of yourself.' <118> EXAMPLES SHOWING THE TRANSPOSITION OF WORDS IN THE ABENAKIS LANGUAGE. `Some blue ribbon,' /{Wal“wigek silki},/ or: /Silki wal“wigek./ `I have some ribbon,' /{N'waj“nem silki}/, or: /Silki n'waj“nem./ `Mary has some ribbon,' /{Mali waj“nem silki}/, or: /Silki waj“nem Mali,/ /Mali silki waj“nem,/ /Silki Mali waj“nem,/ /Waj“nem silki Mali,/ /Waj“nem Mali silki./ `John has a gray hat,' /{Az“ waj“nem wibguigek asolkw“n}/, or: /Asolkw“n wibguigek waj“nem Az“,/ /Wibguigek asolkw“n Az“ waj“nem,/ /Waj“nem Az“ wibguigek asolkw“n,/ /Az“ wibguigek asolkw“n waj“nem,/ /Wibguigek asolkw“n waj“nem Az“,/ /Waj“nem wibguigek Az“ asolkw“n,/ /Asolkw“n wibguigek Az“ waj“nem./ <119> OTHER EXAMPLES SHOWING THE TRANSPOSITION OF THE AFFIXES "JI" AND "BA." `I shall go to Montreal Sunday,' /{N'-d-elosaji Molian Sandaga}/, or: /Sandaga{ji} Molian n'-d-elosa,/ /Molian{ji} n'-d-elosa Sandaga,/ /Sandaga{ji} n'-d-elosa Molian,/ /Molian{ji} Sandaga n'-d-elosa,/ /N'-d-elosa{ji} Sandaga Molian./ `I would go to New-York if I had money,' /{N'-d-elosaba New-York waj“nem“sh“na m“ni}/, or: /New-York{ba} * n'-d-elosa waj“nem“sh“na m“ni,/ /M“ni{ba} waj“nem“sh“na n'-d-elosa New-York,/ /N'-d-elosa{ba} New-York m“ni waj“nem“sh“na,/ /M“ni{ba} waj“nem“sh“na New-York n'-d-elosa,/ /Waj“nem“sh“na{ba} m“ni n'-d-elosa New-York,/ /W'aj“nem“sh“na{ba} m“ni New-York n'-d-elosa./ * As you see, the affixes /ji/ and /ba/, the former denoting the {future}, and the latter, the {conditional}, are also transposed. <121> PART THIRD. THE PARTS OF SPEECH THAT MAY BE CONJUGATED. 1. CONJUGATION OF THE ANIMATE SUBSTANTIVE (/Nmit“gwes/, `father.') Present. -- Singular. /Nmit“gwes./ `My father.' /Kmit“gwes./ `Thy father.' /Wmil“gwsa./ `His (her) father.' /Nmit“gwsena./ `Our father, (exclusive.)' /Klmit“gwsena./ `Our father, (inclusive.)' /Kmit“gwsow“./ `Your father.' /Wmit“gwsow“./ `Their father.' Plural. /Nmit“gwsenawak./ `Our fathers, (excl.)' /Kmit“gwsow“k./ `Your fathers.' /Wmit“gwsow“./ `Their fathers.' Past. -- Singular. /Nmit“gwesega,/ `My late father,' /Kmit“gwsenoga,/ `Our late father,' /Kmit“gwsow“ga,/ `Your late father.' <122> Plural. /Nmit“gwsenogak,/ `Our late fathers,' /Kwit“gwsow“gak,/ `Your late fathers,' /Wmit“gwsow“ga./ `Their late fathers.' Future. -- Singular. /Nmit“gwesji.../ `My father will...' /Kmit“gwesji.../ `Thy father will...' /Wmit“gwsaji.../ `His father will ...' /Nmit“gwsenaji.../ `Our father will...' /Kmit“gwsow“ji.../ `Your father will...' /Wmit“gwsow“ji .../ `Their father will...' Plural. /Nmit“gwsenawakji.../ `Our fathers will ...' /Kmitbgwsow“kji.../ `Your fathers will ...' /Wmit“gwsow“ji.../ `Their fathers will ...' That is, their fathers respectively.' Conditional. -- Present. /Nmit“gwesba..../ `My father would...' /Kmitdgwesba.../ `Thy father would...' /Wmit“gwsaba.../ `His father would...' /Nmit“gwsenaba.../ `Our father would...' /Kmit“gwsow“ba./ `Your father would...' /Wmit“gwsow“ba..../ `Their father would...' Plural. /Nmit“gwsenawakba.../ `Our fathers would....' /Kmit“gwsow“kba..../ `Your fathers would....' /Wmit“gwsow“ba.../ `Their fathers would...' We conjugate likewise /nigawes/, `my mother,' /nmessis,/ `my sister,' etc.. etc.' <123> 2. CONJUGATION OF THE ANIMATE SUBSTANTIVE. (/Kaoz,/ `cow.') Present. -- Singular. /N'kaozem./ `My cow.' /K'kaozem./ `Thy cow.' /W'kaozema./ `His cow.' /N'kaozemna./ `Our cow.' /K'kaozemw“./ `Your cow.' /W'kaozemw“./ `Their cow.' Plural. /N'kaozemak./ `My cows.' /K'kaozemak./ `Thy cows.' /W'kaozema./ `His cows.' /N'kaozemnawak./ `Our cows.' /K'kaozemw“k./ `Your cows.' /W'kaozemw“./ `Their cows.' Past. -- Singular. /N'kaozemga./ `The cow I had ({owned}).' /N'kaozemnoga./ `The cow we h. ({owned}).' Plural. /N'kaozemgak./ `The cows I h. ({owned}).' /K'kaozemnogak./ `The cows we h. ({owned})' Future. -- Singular. /N'kaozemji “nkohl“n./ `My cow will be sold.' /W'kaozemaji “nk“hl“na./ `His cow will be sold.' /N'kaozemnaji “nk“hl“n./ `Our cow will be sold.' /W'kaozemw“ji “nkol“na./ `Their cow will be sold.' <124> Plural. /N'kaozemakji “nkoh“lnak,/[?] `My cows will be sold.' /W'kaozemaji “nkoh“hl“na,/[?] `His cows will be sold.' /N'kaozemnawakji “nkohl“nak,/ `Our cows will be sold.' /W'kaozemw“ji “nkohl“na./ `Their cows will be sold.' Conditional. -- Singular. /N'kaozemba “nkohl“n./ `My cow would be sold.' /W'kaozemaba “nkohl“na./ `His cow would be sold.' /N'kaozemnaba “nkohl“n./ `Our cow would be sold.' /W'kaozemw“ba “nkohl“na./ `Their cow would be sold.' Plural. /N'kaozemakba “nkohl“nak./ `My cows would be sold.' /W'kaozemaba “nkohl“na./ `His cows would be sold.' /N'kaozemnawakba “nkohl“nak./ `Our cows would be sold.' /W'kaozemw“ba “nk“hl“na./ `Their cows would be sold.' We conjugate likewise /n'-d-aasom,/ `my horse,' /n'-d-aksenem,/ `my ox'; {etc., etc.} <125> 3. CONJUGATION OF THE ANIMATE SUBSTANTIVE. (/Alemos,/ `dog.') Present. -- Singular. /N'-d-amis./ `My dog.' /K'-d-amis,/ `Thy dog.' /W'-d-amisa./ `His dog.' /N'-d-amisna./ `Our dog.' /K'-d-amisw“./ `Your dog.' /W'-d-amisw“./ `Their dog.' Plural. /N'-d-amisak./ `My dogs.' /K'-d-amisak./ `Thy dogs.' /W'-d-amisa./ `His dogs.' /N'-d-amisnawak./ `Our dogs.' /K'-d-amisw“k./ `Your dogs.' /W'-d-amisw“./ `Their dogs.' Past. -- Singular. /N'-d-amisga,/ `The dog I had.' /N'-d-amisnoga,/ `The dog we had.' Plural. /N'-d-amisnogak,/ `The dogs we had.' /W'-d-amisw“ga,/ `The dogs they had.' Future. -- Singular. /N'-d-amisji k'sagamegw/ `My dog will bite thee.' /W'-d-amisaji &c./ `His dog will &c.' /N'-d-amisnaji &c./ `Our dog will &c.' /W'-d-amisw“ji &c./ `Their dog will &c.' <126> Plural. /N'-d-amisakji k'sagamegok./ `My dogs will bite thee.' /W'-d-amisaji k'sagamegok./ `His dogs will bite thee.' /N'-d-amisnawakji k'sagamegok./ `Our dogs will bite thee.' /W'-d-amisw“ji k'sagamegok./ `Their dogs will bite thee.' Conditional. -- Singular. /N'-d-amisba w'sagam“./ `My dog would bite him.' /W'-d-amisaba &c./ `His dog would bite him.' /N'-d-amisnaba &c./ ` Our dog would bite him.' /W'-d-amisw“ba &c./ `Their dog would bite him.' Plural. /N'-d-amisakba w'sagam“w“. `My dogs would bite them.' /W'-d-amisaba w'sagam“w“./ `His dogs would bite them.' /N'-d-amisnawakba w'sagam“w“./ `Our dogs would bite them.' /W'-d-amisw“ba w'sagam“w“./ `Their dogs would bite them.' <127> 4. CONJUGATION OF THE INANIMATE SUBSTANTIVE. (/Paskhigan,/ `gun.') Present. -- Singular. /N'paskhigan./ `My gun.' /K'paskhigan./ `Thy gun.' /W'paskhigan./ `His gun.' /N'paskhiganna./ `Our gun.' /K'paskiganow“./[?] `Your gun.' /W'paskhiganow“./ `Their gun.' Plural. /N'paskhiganal./ `My guns.' /K'paskhiganal./ `Thy guns.' /W'paskhiganal./ `His guns.' /N'paskhigannawal./ `Our guns.' /K'paskihiganow“l./[?] `Your guns.' /W'paskhiganow“l./ `Their guns.' Past. -- Singular. /N'paskhigana,/ `The gun I had ({owned}).' /N'paskhigannawa,/ `The gun we h. ({owned}).' Plural. /N'paskhiganegal./ `The guns I had ({owned}).' /N'paskhigannogal./ `The guns we h. ({owned}).' Future. -- Singular. /N'paskhiganji “nkohl“n/ `My gun will be sold.' /N'paskhigannaji &c./ `Our gun will be sold.' /K'paskhiganow“ji &c./ `Your gun will be sold.' Plural. /N'paskhiganalji “nkohl“nal./ `My guns will be sold.' /N'paskhigannawalji &c./ `Our guns will be sold.' /W'paskhiganow“lji &c./ `Their guns will be sold.' <128> Conditional. -- Singular. /N'paskhiganba “nkohl“n./ `My gun would be sold' /N'paskhigannaba &c./ `Our gun would be &c.' /W'paskhiganow“ba &c./ `Their gun would be &c.' Plural. /N'paskhiganalba “nkohl“nal./ `My guns would be sold.' /N'paskhigannawalba./ `Our guns would be &c.' /W'pasbhigannaw“lba/[?] `Their guns would be &c.' THE FOREGOING CONJUGATION, /N'kaozem,/ `my cow,' transformed into {possessive} verb: /Okaozemimuk,/ `to have a cow.' INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'okaozemi./ `I have a cow.' /'okaozemo./ `He has a cow.' /N'okaozemibena./ `We have a cow.' /K'okaozemiba./ `You have a cow.' /'Okaozemoak./ `They have a cow.' Imperfect. /N'okaozemib./ `I had a cow.' /'Okaozemob./ `He had a cow.' /N'okaozemibenob./ `We had a cow.' /K'okaozemib“b./ `You had a cow.' /'Okaozemobanik./ `They had a cow.' <129> Future. /N'okaozemiji./ `I shall have a cow.' /'Okaozemoji./ `He will have a cow.' /N'okaozemibenaji./ `We shall have a cow.' /K'okaozemibaji./ `You will have a cow.' /'Okaozemoakji./ `They will have a cow.' Second Future. /N'okaozemiji kizi/, or, /Kiziji n'okaozemi./ `I shall have had a cow.' /'Okaozemoji kizi./ `He will have h. a cow.' /'Okaozemoakji kizi./ `They will have h. a cow.' CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'okaozemiba./ `I should have a cow.' /'Okaozemoba./ `He would have a cow.' /N'okaozemibenaba./ `We should have a cow.' /'Okaozemoakba./ `They would have a cow.' Past. /N'okaozemibba./ `I should h. had a cow.' /'Okaozemobba./ `He would h. had &c.' /N'okaozemibenobba./ `We should h. had &c.' /'Okaozemobanikba./ `They would h. had &c.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Okaozemi./ `Have a cow.' /Okaozemij./ `Let him have a cow.' /Okaozemida./ `Let us have a cow.' /Okaozemigw./ `Have a cow.' /Okaozemidij./ `Let them have a cow.' <130> SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'okaozemin./ `That I may h. a cow.' /'Okaozemin./ `That he may h. a cow.' /N'okaozeminana./ `That we may h. a cow.' /K'okaozemin“./ `That you may h. a cow.' /'Okaozemin“./ `That they may h. a cow.' Past. /Kizi n'okaozemin./ `That I m. h. had a cow.' &c., after the above tense, commencing by /kizi./ Imperfect. /N'okaozeminaza./ `That I might h. a cow.' /'Okaozeminaza./ `That he might h. a cow.' /N'okaozeminanossa./ `That we might h.a cow.' /K'okaozemin“ssa./ `That you m. h. a cow.' /'Okaozemin“ssa./ `That they m. h. a cow.' Pluperfect. /Kizi n'okaozeminaza./ `That I might h.h.a cow.' &c., after the {Imperfect}, commencing by /kisi./ CONJUGATION OF THE ADJECTIVE-VERB /W“bigimuk,/ `to be white.' INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'w“bigi./ `I am white.' /K'w“bigi./ `Thou art white.' /'W“bigo./ `He (she) is white.' <131> /N'w“bigibena./ `We are white. (excl.)' /K'w“bigibena./ `We are white. (incl.)' /K'w“bigiba./ `You are white.' /'W“bigoak./ `They are white.' Imperfect. /N'w“bigib./ `I was white.' /K'w“bigib./ `Thou wast white.' /W“bigob./ `He was white.' /N'w“bigibenob./ `We were white.' /K'w“bigib“b./ `You were white. /'W“bigobanik./ `They were white.' Future. /N'w“bigiji./ `I shall be white.' Etc., after the above {present tense}, affixing /ji,/ to the verb. Second Future. /N'w“bigiji kizi/, or: /Kiziji n'wokigi,/[?] etc. `I shall have been white.' &c., &c. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'w“bigiba,/ `I should be white.' Etc., after the {present tense}, affixing /ba/ to the verb. Past. /N'w“bigibba./ `I should h. been white.' Etc., after the {imperfect tense}, affixing /ba/ to the verb. <132> Imperative. /W“bigi./ `Be white.' /W“bigij./ `Let him be white.' {/W“bigej./} {`Let it be white.'} /W“bigida./ `Let us be white.' /W“bigigw./ `Be white.' /W“bigiidij./ `Let them be white.' {/W“bigej./} {`Let them be white, (things.)'} SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'w“bigin./ Etc., etc. `That I may be white.' Etc., etc. /N'w“biginana./ `That we may be white.' /K'w“bigin“./ `That you may be white.' /W'w“bigin“./ `That they m. be white.' Past. /Kizi n'w“bigin./ `That I may have been white.' Etc., after the immediately {preceding} tense, commencing by /kizi./ Imperfect. /N'w“biginaza./ Etc., etc. `That I might be white.' Etc., etc. /N'w“biginanossa./ `That we might be white.' /K'w“bigin“ssa./ `That you might be white.' /W'w“bigin“ssa./ `That they might be white.' <133> Pluperfect. /Kizi n'w“biginaza./ `That I might have be white.' Etc., after the {imperfect} tense, commencing always by /kizi./ NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Of the foregoing possessive verb /okaozemimuk,/ INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'okaozemiw./ `I have no cow.' /" 'okaozemiwi./ `He has no cow.' /" n'okaozemippena./ `We have no cow.' /" k'okaozemippa./ `You have no cow.' /" 'okaozemiwiak./ `They have no cow.' Imperfect. /O'da n'okaozemib./ `I had no cow.' /" 'okaozemiwib./ `He had no cow.' /" n'okaozemippenop./ `We had no cow.' /" k'okaozemipp“p./ `You had no cow.' /" 'okaozemiwibanik./ `They had no cow.' Past. definite. /O'da n'okaozemiib./ `I had no cow.' /" 'okaozemiwi./ `He had no cow.' /" n'okaozemippenoop./ `We had no cow.' <134> /O'da k'okaozemipp““p./ `You had no cow.' /" 'okaozemiwibanik./ `They had no cow.' Future. /Odaaba n'okaozemiw./ `I shall have no cow.' &c., as in the {present tense}, commencing always by /“daaba./[?] Second future. /Asmaji n'okaozemiw./ `I shall have had no cow' &c., also as in the {present tense}, always commencing by /asmaji./ CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /O'daaba n'okaozemiw,/ `I should have no cow.' &c., as in the {future tense}. Past. /O'daaba n'okaozemib./ `I should h. had no cow.' &c., as in the {imperfect tense}, commencing by /“daaba./[?] IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Akui 'okaozemi./ `Have no cow. / " 'okaozemij./ `Let him have no cow.' / " 'okaozemida./ `Let us have no cow.' / " 'okaozemikagw./ `Have no cow.' / " 'okaozemiidij./ `Let them have no cow.' <135> SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'okaozemiwwen./ `That I may have no cow.' / " 'okaozemiwwen./ `That he may have no cow.' / " n'okaozemiwnana./ `That we may have no cow.' / " k'okaozemiwn“./ `That you may have no cow.' / " 'okaozemiwn“./ `That they may have no cow.' Imperfect. /O'da n'okaozemiwnaza./ `That I might have no cow.' /O'da 'okaozemiwnaza/ `That he might have no cow.' /O'da n'okaozemiwnanossa./ `That we might have no cow.' /O'da k'okaozemiwn“ssa./ `That you might have no cow.' /O'da 'okaozemiwn“ssa./ `That they might have no cow.' This {tense} is used also for the {past} and the {pluperfect} tenses. <136> AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {animate} objective verb, /waj“n“muk/ `to have.' (Indefinite conjugation.) INDICATIVE Mood. Present. /N'waj“no ases./ `I have a horse.' /K'waj“n“ &c./ `Thou hast &c.' /'Waj“na./ * `He (she) has &c.' /N'waj“n“bena/ } &c. `We have &c.' /K'waj“n“bena/ } /K'waj“n“ba &c./ `You have &c.' /'Waj“nak./ * `They have &c.' Imperfect. /N'waj“n“b kaoz./ `I had a cow.' /K'waj“n“b &c./ `Thou hadst &c.' /'Waj“nab./ * `He had &c.' /N'waj“n“benob/ &c. } `We had &c.' /K'waj“n“benob/ &c. } /K'waj“n“b“b &c./ `You had &c.' /'Waj“nabanik./ * `They had &c.' Past definite. /N'waj“n““b azib./ `I had a sheep.' /K'waj“n““b./ `Thou hadst &c.' /'Waj“nab./ * `He had &c.' /N'waj“n“benoob/ } `We had &c.' /K'waj“n“benoob/ } /K'waj“n“b““b./ `You had &c.' /'Waj“nabanik./ * `They had &c.' * Say: /'Waj“na/, /'waj“nak/, {/asessa/}; /'waj“nab,/ /'waj“nabanik,/ {/kaoza/}; --, {/aziba./} <137> The {past definite} tense is used also for the {past indefinite} and {pluperfect} tenses. Future /N'waj“n“ji alemos./ `I shall have a dog.' /K'waj“noji &c./ `Thou wilt have &c.' /'Waj“naji/ * `He will have &c.' /N'waj“n“benaji } &c. `We shall have.' /K'waj“n“benaji } /K'waj“n“baji &c./ `You will have &c.' /Waj“nakji./ * `They will have &c.' Second Future. /N'waj“n“ji kizi./ `I shall have had.' &c., as above, putting always /kizi/ after the verb. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'waj“n“ba asesak./ `I should have some horses.' /K'waj“n“ba &c./ `Thou wouldst have &c.' /'Waj“naba./ * `He would have &c.' /N'waj“n“benaba/ } &c. `We should have &c.' /K'waj“n“benaba/ } /K'waj“n“baba &c./ `You would have &c.' /Waj“nakba./ * `They would have &c.' * Say: /'Waj“naji/, /waj“nakji/, {/alemossa/}; /'waj“naba/, /'waj“nakba,/ {/asessa./} <138> Past. /N'waj“n“bba kaozak,/ `I should have had some cows.' /K'waj“n“bba etc./ `Thou wouldst h. had &c.' /'Waj“nabba./ * `He would have had &c.' /N'waj“n“benobba/ } &c `We should have had &c' /K'waj“n“benobba/ } /K'waj“n“b“bba &c./ `You would h. had &c.' /Waj“nabanikba./ * `They would h. had &c.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Waj“na./ `Have (thou.)' /Waj“n“j./ `Let him have.' /Waj“n“da./ `Let us have.' /Waj“nogw./ `Have (ye or you.)' /Waj“n““dij./ `Let them have.' SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'waj“n“n azibak./ `That I may have some sheep.' /K'waj“nen &c./ `That thou mayest have' /W'waj“n“n./ * `That he may have &c.' /N'waj“n“nana &c./ `That we may have &c.' /K'waj“n“n“ &c./ `That you may have &c.' /W'waj“n“n“./ * `That they may have &c.' * Here, say: /Waj“nabba/, /waj“nabanikba/, {/kaoza./} * Say: /W'waj“n“n/, /w'waj“n“n“/, {/aziba./} <139> Imperfect. /N'waj“n“naza./ `That I might have.' /K'waj“n“naza./ `That thou mightst have' /W'waj“n“naza./ `That he might have.' /N'waj“n“nanossa./ } `That we might have.' /K'waj“n“nanossa./ } /K'waj“n“n“ssa./ `That you might have.' W' waj“n“n“ssa./ `That they might have. Past. /Kizi n'waj“n“n/, or /n'waj“n“n kizi./ `That I may have had.' &c., as in the above {present tense}, putting always /kizi/ before the pronoun, or after the verb. Pluperfect. /Kizi n'waj“n“naza/ or /n'waj“n“naza kizi./ `That I might have had.' &c., as in the above {imperfect tense}, putting always /kizi/ before the pronoun, or after the verb. AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {animate} objective verb, /waj“n“muk/, `to have.' (Finite Conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'waj“n“ ases./ `I have the horse.' /K'waj“n“ &c./ `Thou hast &c.' <140> /W'waj“n“/ * `He has the horse.' /N'waj“n“nna/ } /tases/ `We have &c.' /K'waj“n“nna/ } /K'waj“n“w“ &c./ `You have &c.' /W'waj“n“w“/ * `They have &c.' Imperfect. /N'waj“n“b kaoz./ `I had the cow.' /W'waj“n“bani/ * `He had &c.' /N'waj“n“nn“b &c./ `We had &c.' /K'waj“n“w“b &c./ `You had &c.' /W'waj“n“w“bani/ * `They had &c.' This tense is used also for the {past definite}, the {indefinite} and the {pluperfect} tenses. Future. /N'waj“n“ji,/ `I shall have.' &c., after the {present} tense, affixing /ji/ to the verb. Second Future. /N'waj“n“ji kizi,/ `I shall have had.' &c., as in the simple {future} tense, ending by /kizi./ CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'waj“n“ba alemos./ `I should have the dog.' /W'waj“n“ba/  `He would have &c.' /N'waj“n“nnaba &c./ `We should have &c.' /K'waj“n“w“ba &c./ `You would have &c.' /W'waj“n“w“ba/  `They would have &c.' * Here, we say: /W'waj“n“/, /w'waj“n“w“/, {/asessa/}; /w'waj“n“bani/, /w'waj“n“w“bani/, {/kaoza/.}  /W'waj“n“ba/, /w'waj“n“w“ba/, {/alemossa./} <141> Past. /N'waj“n“bba nolka./ `I should have had the deer.' /W'waj“n“baniba &c./ `He would have had &c.' /N'waj“n“nobba &c./ `We should have had &c.' /K'waj“n“wabba &c./ `You would have had &c.' /W'waj“n“w“baniba &./ `They would have had &c.' The remaining {moods} and {tenses} are to be conjugated as in the foregoing {indefinite} conjugation. AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {inanimate} objective verb, /waj“n“zik/ `to have.' (Indefinite conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD Present. /N'waj“nem awighigan./ `I have a book.' /K'waj“nem &c./ `Thou hast &c.' /'waj“nem &c./ `He has &c.' /N'waj“nemebena &c./ } `We have &c.' /K'waj“nemebena &c./ } /K'waj“nemeba &c./ `You have &c.' /'waj“nemok &c./ `They have &c.' <142> Imperfect. /N'waj“nemob pilaskw./ `I had some paper.' /K'waj“nemob &c./ `Thou hadst &c.' /'waj“nemob &c./ `He had &c.' /N'waj“nemebenob &c./ `We had &c.' /K'waj“nemeb“b &c./ `You had &c.' /'waj“nemobanik &c./ `They had &c.' Past definite. /N'waj“nemoob paks./ `I had a box.' /K'waj“nemoob &c./ `Thou hadst &c.' /'waj“nemob &c./ `'He had &c.' /N'waj“nemebenoob &c./ `We had &c.' /K'waj“nemeb““b &c./ `You had &c.' /'waj“nemobanik &c./ `They had &c.' This tense is also used for the {indefinite past}. and the {pluperfect} tenses. Future. /N'waj“nemji,/ `I shall have.' &c., as in the {present tense,} always affixing /ji/ to the verb. Second Future. /N'waj“nemji kizi,/ `I shall have had.' &c., as above, ending always by /kizi./ <143> CONDITIONNAL MOOD. Present. /N'waj“nemba m“ni./ `I should have some money.' /K'waj“nemba &c./ `Thou wouldst have &c.' /'Waj“nemba &c./ `He would have &c.' /N'waj“nemebenaba. &c./ `We should have &c.' /K'waj“nemebaba &c./ `You would have &c.' /Waj“nemokba &c./ `They would have &c.' Past. /N'waj“nemobba mijow“gan./ `I should have had some provisions.' /K'waj“nemobba &c./ `Thou wouldst have had &c.' /'Waj“nemobba &c./ `He would have had &c.' /N'waj“nemebenobba &c./ `We should have had &c.' /K'waj“nemeb“bba &c./ `You would have had &c.' /Waj“nemobanikba &c./ `They would have had &c.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Waj“na./ `Have (thou).' /Waj“nej./ `Let him have.' /Waj“nemoda./ `Let us have.' /Waj“nemogw./ `Have (ye or you).' /Waj“nemoodij./ `Let them have.' <144> SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'waj“nemen./ {a} `That I may have.' /W'waj“nemen./ `That he may have.' /N'waj“nemenana./ `That we may have.' /K'waj“nemen“./ `That you may have.' /W'wajen“men“./ `That they may have.' Imperfect. /N'waj“nemenaza./ {b} `That I might have.' /W'waj“nemenaza./ `That he might have.' /N'waj“nemenanossa,/ `That we might have.' /K'waj“nemen“ssa./ `That you migt have.' /W'waj“nemen“ssa./ `That they might have.' Past. /Kizi n'waj“nemen./ {c} `That I may have had.' Etc., as in the {present}, commencing by /kizi./ Pluperfect. /Kizi n'waj“nemenaza./ `That I might have had.' Etc., after the {imperfect}, commencing by /kizi./ {a}. NOTE.-- /N'waj“nemen, &c./ means also: `I have it, &c.' {b}. /N'wajonemenaza &c./[?] means equally: `I see (I find out) that I had it, &c.' {c}. /Kizi n'waj“nemen,/ `I have it already.' <145> AFFIRMATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {inanimate} objective verb, /waj“n“zik/, `to have.' (Finite Conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'waj“nemen awighigan./ `I have the book.' /K'waj“nemen " / `Thou hast &c.' /W'waj“nemen " / `He has &c.' /N'waj“nemenana " / } `We have &c.' /K'waj“nemenana " / } /K'waj“nemen“ " / `You have &c.' /W'waj“nemen“ " / `They have &c.' Imperfect. /N'waj“nemenab pilaskw./ `I had the paper.' /W'waj“nemenab " / `He had &c.' /N'waj“nemenanob " / `We had &c.' /K'waj“nemen“b " / `You had &c.' /W'waj“nemen“b " / `They had &c.' Future. /N'waj“nemenji,/ `I shall have.' Etc., as above after the {present} tense, affixing always /ji/ to the verb. Second Future. /N'waj“nemenji kizi./ `I shall or will h. had.' Etc., as in the {simple future}, ending by /kizi./ <146> CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'waj“nemenba m“ni./ `I should h. the money.' /K'waj“nemenba &c./ `Thou wouldst have &c.' /W'waj“nemenba &c./ `He would have &c.' /N'waj“nemenanaba &c./ `We should have &c.' /K'waj“nemen“ba &c./ `You would have &c.' /W'waj“nemen“ba &c./ `They would have &c.' Past. /N'waj“nemenabba paskhigan./ `I should have had the gun.' /K'waj“nemenabba &c./ `Thou wouldst have had &c.' /W'waj“nemenabba &c./ `He would have had &c.' /N'waj“nemenan“bba &c/ `We should have had &c.' /K'waj“nemen“bba &c./ `You would have had &c' /W'waj“nemen“bba &c./ `They would have had &c.' The remaining {moods} and {tenses} are to be conjugated as in the {indefinitive} conjugation. NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {indefinite} verb, /waj“n“muk/, `to have.' INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'waj“n“w namas./ `I have no fish.' / " 'waj“nawi/ * `He has no &c.' / " n'waj“n“ppena &c./ `We have no &c.' * Say: /“da 'waj“nawi {namasa}./ <147> /O'da k'waj“n“ppa &c./ `You have no &c.' / " 'waj“nawiak/ * `They have no &c.' Imperfect. /O'da 'waj“n“b nolka./ `I had no deer.' / " 'waj“nawib &c./ `He had no &c.' / " n'waj“n“ppenop &c./ `We had no &c.' /O'da k'waj“n“pp“p &c./ `You had no &c.' /ka./[?] / " 'waj“nawibanik &c./ `They had no &c.' This tense is used also for the {past definite}, the {indefinite} and the {pluperfect} tenses. Future. /O'daaba n'waj“n“w tmakwa./ `I shall have no beaver.' /O'daaba 'waj“nawi &c./ `He will have no &c.' /O'daaba n'waj“n“ppena &c./ `We shall have no &c.' /O'daaba k'waj“n“ppa &c./ `You will have no &c.' /O'daaba 'waj“nawiak &c./ `They will have no &c.' Second Future. /Asmaji n'waj“n“w./ `I shall not have had.' / " 'waj“nawi./ `He will not have had.' / " 'waj“nawiak./ `They will not have had' * Say: /“da, 'waj“nawiak {namasa}./ <148> CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /O'daaba n'waj“n“b./ `I should have no.' / " 'waj“nawib./ `He would have no' / " 'waj“nawibanik/ `They would have no.' Past. /Asmaba n'waj“n“w./ `I should not have had.' / " 'waj“nawi./ `He would not have had.' / " 'wajonawiak./ `They would not have h.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Akui waj“na./ `Have no.' / " waj“n“kij./ `Let him have no.' / " waj“n“da./ `Let us have no.' / " waj“nogw./ `Have no.' / " waj“n““dikij./ `Let them have no.' SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'waj“n“wen./ `That I may not have.' / " n'waj“n“wnana./ `That we may not have.' / " k'waj“n“wn“./ `That you may not have.' Imperfect. /O'da n'waj“n“wnaza./ `That I might not have.' / " n'waj“n“wnanossa./ `That we might not have.' / " k'waj“n“wn“ssa./ `That you might not h.' <149> Past. /Asma n'waj“n“wen./ `That I may not h. had.' / " n'waj“n“wnana./ `That we may not h. h.' / " k'waj“n“wn“./ `That you may not h. h.' Pluperfect. /Asma n'waj“n“wnaza./ `That I might not h. h.' / " n'waj“n“wnanossa./ `That we might not h. h.' / " k'waj“n“wnossa./ `That you might not h.h.' NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {finite} verb /waj“n“muk/, `to have.' INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'waj“n“wi ases./ `I have not the horse.' / " k'waj“n“wi &c./ `Thou hast not &c.' / " w'waj“n“wia/ * `He has not &c.' / " n'waj“n“winna &c/ `We have not &c' / " k'waj“n“wiww“ &c/ `You have not &c.' / " w'waj“n“wiww“./ * `They have not &c.' Imperfect. /O'da n'waj“n“wib kaoz./ `I had not the cow.' /O'da w'waj“n“wibani/ * `He had not &c.' * Say:-- /W'waj“n“wia/, /w'waj“n“wiwiww“/, /{asessa}/; -- /w'waj“n“wibani {kaoza}./ <150> /O'da n'waj“n“winnob koaz./ `We had not the cow.' /O'da k'waj“n“wiww“b &c./ `You had not &c.' /O'da w'waj“newiww“bani./ * `They had not &c.' This tense is also used for the {past definite}, the {indefinite}, and the {pluperfect} tenses. Future. /O'daaba n'waj“n“wi./ `I shall not have.' &c., as above in the {present} tense, always commencing by /“daaba./ Second Future. /Asmaji n'waj“n“wi./ `I will not have had.' &c., after the {preceding} tense, commencing always by /asemaji/ instead of /“daaba./ CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /O'daaba n'waj“n“wi./ `I should not have.' / " w'waj“n“wia./ `He would not have.' / " n'waj“n“winna./ `We would not have.' / " w'waj“n“wiw“./ `You would not have.' &c., as in the {present} tense, commencing always by /“daabo./ * Say: /w'waj“n“w“wibani {kaoza}./ <151> Past. /O'daaba n'waj“n“wib./ `I should not have had.' / " w'waj“n“wibani./ `He would not h. had.' / " n'waj“n“winnop./ `We should not h. had.' &c., as in the {imperfect} tense, commencing always by /“daaba./ The remaining {moods} and {tenses} are to be conjugated as in the {indefinite} conjugation. NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {indefinite} verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have.' INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'waj“nemo awighiganebi./ `I have no ink.' /O'da k'waj“nemo &c./ `Thou hast no &c.' /O'da 'waj“nemowi &c./ `He has no &c.' /O'da n'waj“nemoppena &c./ `We have no &c.' /O'da k'waj“nemoppa &c./ `You have no &c.' /O'da 'waj“nemowiak &c./ `They have no &c.' Imperfect. /O'da n'waj“nemob moswa./ `I had no handkerchief.' /O'da k'waj“nemob &c./ `Thou hadst no &c.' <152> /O'da 'waj“nemowib moswa./ `He had no handkerchief.' /O'da n'waj“nemoppenop &c./ `We had no &c.' /O'da k'waj“nemopp“p &c./ `You had no &c.' /O'da 'waj“nemowibanik &c./ `They had no &c.' Future. /Odaaba n'waj“nemo./ `I shall have no.' Etc., after the {present} tense, commencing by /“daaba./ Second Future. /Asmaji n'waj“nemo./ `I shall not have had.' Etc., after the {present} tense, commencing always by /asmaji./ CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /O'daaba n'waj“nemo./ `I should have no.' Etc., as in the {future} tense. Past. /O'daaba n'waj“nemob./ `I should not have had.' &c., after the {imperfect} tense, commencing always by /“daaba./ <153> IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Akui waj“na./ `Have no.' / " waj“nej./ `Let him have no.' / " waj“nemoda./ `Let us have no.' / " waj“nemogw./ `Have no.' / " waj“nemoodij./ `Let them have no.' SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'waj“nemowen./ * `That I may not have.' / " w'waj“nemowen./ `That he may not have.' / " n'waj“nemownana./ `That we may not have.' / " k'waj“nemown“./ `That you may not have.' / " w'waj“nemown“./ `That they may not h.' Imperfect. /O'da n'waj“nemownaza./ `That I might not have.' / " w'waj“nemownaza./ `That he might not have.' / " n'waj“nemownan“ssa./ `That we might not have.' / " k'waj“nemown“ssa./ `That you might not have.' / " w'waj“nemown“ssa./ `That they might not have.' Past. /Asma n'waj“nemowen./ + `That I may not h. had.' * /O'da n'wajonemowen/ means also: `I have it not.' + /Asma n'wajonemowen,/[?] `I have it not yet.' <154> Pluperfect. /Asma n'waj“nemownaza./ `That I might not have had.' &c., as above in the {imperfect} tense, commencing always by /asma./ NEGATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {finite} verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have.' INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /O'da n'waj“nemowen “bagawataigan./ `I have not the umbrella.' /O'da w'waj“nemowen &c./ `He has not &c.' /O'da n'waj“nemownana &c./ `We have not &c.' /O'da k'waj“nemown“ &c./ `You have not &c.' /O'da n'waj“nemown“ &c./ `They have not &c.' Imperfect. /O'da n'waj“nemowenab “badahon./ `I had not the cane.' /O'da w'waj“nemowenab &c./ `He had not &c.' /O'da n'waj“nemownanop &c./ `We had not &c.' /O'da kwaj“nemown“p &c./ `You had not &c.' /O'da w'waj“nemown“p &c./ `They had not &c.' <155> Future. /O'daaba n'waj“nemowen, sakhiljahon./ `I shall not have the ring.' Etc., after the {present} tense, commencing by /“daaba./ Second Future. /Asmaji n'waj“nemowen./ `I shall not have had.' Etc., after the {present} tense, commencing always by /asmaji./ CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /O'daaba n'waj“nemowen./ `I should not have.' Etc., as in the {future} tense. Past. /O'daaba n'waj“nemowenab./ `I should not have had.' Etc., after the {imperfect} tense, commencing by /“daaba./ The remaining {moods} and {tenses} are to be conjugated as in the {immediately} preceding conjugation. <156> DUBITATIVE CONJUGATION Of the {animate} verb, /waj“n“muk,/ `to have' (Literal). INDICATIVE Mood. Present. /Wskebi waj“nok telaps./ * `Perhaps I have a trap.' /Wskebi waj“n“an &c./ ` " thou hast &c.' / " waj“n“d./ + ` " he has &c.' / " waj“n“ak &c./ ` " we have &c.' / " waj“n“akw &c./ ` " you have &c.' / " waj“n““dit./ + ` " they have &c.' Imperfect. /Wskebi waj“nokza t“bi./ * `Perhaps I had a bow.' /Wskebi waj“n“aza &c./ ` " thou hadst &c.' / " waj“n“za &c./ + ` " he had &c.' / " waj“n“akza &c./ ` " we had &c.' / " waj“n“akwza &c./ ` " you had &c.' /Wskebi waj“n““diza/ + ` " they had &c.' This tense is also used for the {past indefinite} and the {pluperfect} tenses. * Always remember that the {personified} things, being always treated as if they were {animate}, go and agree with the {animate} verbs. + say: /waj“n“d/, /w'aj“n““dit {telapsa}/; /waj“n“za/, /waj“n““diza, {t“bia}./ <157> Future, /Wskebiji waj“nok./ `Perhaps I will have.' &c., as in the {present} tense, placing always /wskebiji/ before the verb. Second Future. /Wskebiji kizi waj“nok/ `Perhaps I will have h.' &c. after the simple {future}, putting /wskebiji kizi/ before the verb. CONDITIONAL MOOD, Present. /Wskebiba waj“nok./ `Perhaps I would have.' Etc., after the {imperfect} tense, commencing by /wskebiba./ SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present. /Wskebiji waj“noga./ `Perhaps if I have.' / " waj“n“ana./ ` " if thou hast.' / " waj“n“da./ ` " if he has.' / " waj“n“aga./ ` " if we have.' / " waj“n“agua./ ` " if you have.' / " waj“n““dida./ ` " if they have.' Imperfect. /Wskebiba waj“nogeshana./ `Perhaps if I had.' /Wskebiba waj“n“ashana./ ` " if thou hadst.' /Wskebiba waj“n“shana./ ` " if he had.' <158> /Wskebiba wajon“ageshana./ `Perhaps if we had.' /Wskebiba waj“noagueshana./ ` " if you had.' /Wskebiba waj“n““dishana./ ` " if they had.' DUBITATIVE CONJUGATION. Of the {inanimate} verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have.' (Literal.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /Wskebi waj“nema m“ni/ `Perhaps I have some money.' / " waj“neman &c./ ` " thou hast &c.' / " waj“nek &c./ ` " he has &c.' / " waj“nemag &c./ ` " we have &c.' / " waj“nemagw/ ` " You have c&.' / " waj“nemoodit &c./ ` " They have &c.' Imperfect. /Wskebi waj“nem“za wiz“wim“ni./ `Perhaps I had some gold.' /Wskebi waj“nemaza &c./ ` " thou hadst &c.' /Wskebi waj“nekeza &c./ ` " he had &c.' /Wskebi waj“nemakza &c./ ` " we had &c.' <159> /Wskebi waj“nemakwza wiz“wim“ni./ `Perhaps you had some gold.' /Wskebi waj“nemoodiza &c./ `Perhaps they had &c.' This tense is also used for the {past indefinite} and {pluperfect} tenses. Future. /Wskebiji waj“nema./ `Perhaps I will have.' &c., as in the {present} tense, placing /wskebiji/ before the verb. Second Future. /Wskebiji kizi waj“nema./ `Perhaps I will have had.' &c. after the {simple future}, putting /wskebiji kizi/ before the verb. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /Wskebiba waj“nema./ `Perhaps I would have' Etc., after the {present} tense, putting always /wskebiba/ before the verb. Past. /Wskebiba waj“nem“za/ `Perhaps I would h. h.' Etc., after the {imperfect} tense, commencing by /wskebiba./ <160> SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /Wskebiba waj“nem“na./ `Perhaps if I have.' / " waj“nemana./ ` " if thou hast.' / " waj“nega./ ` " if he has.' / " waj“nemaga./ ` " if we have.' / " waj“nemgua/ ` " if you have.' / " waj“nemoodida./ ` " if they have.' Imperfect. /Wskebiba waj“nem“sh“na./ `Perhaps if I had.' /Wskebiba waj“nemashana./ ` " if thou hadst.' /Wskebiba waj“negeshana./ ` " if he had.' /Wskebiba waj“nemageshana./ ` " if we had.' /Wskebiba waj“nemagueshana./ ` " if you had.' /Wsbebiba[?] waj“nemoodishana./ ` " if they had.' Pluperfect. /Wskebiba kizi waj“nem“sh“na./ `Perhaps if I had had.' &c., after the {imperfect}, always placing /kizi/ between /wskebiba/ and the {verb}. <161> DUBITATIVE--NEGATIVE Of the two foregoing dubitative Conjugations (Literal.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /Walma waj“nok ases./ `Perhaps I have no horse.' /Walma waj“nema m“ni./ `Perhaps I have no money.' &c., after the {present} tense of the {dubitative}, always commencing by /walma/ instead of /wskebi/. Imperfect. /Walma waj“nokza miguen./ `Perhaps I had no pen.' /Walma wajonem“za pilaskw./ `Perhaps I had no paper.' &c., after the {imperfect} of the {dubitative}, here too commencing always by /walma/. Future. /Walmaji waj“nok t“bi./ `Perhaps I will have no bow.' /Walmaji waj“nema pakua./ `Perhaps I will have no arrow.' &c. as in the {Present} tense, changing /walma/ into /walmaji/. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /Walmaba waj“n“k wdahogan./ `Perhaps I should have no paddle.' /Walmaba waj“nema wiguaol./ `Perhaps I should have no canoe.' &c., after the {ind. present} of the {dubitative}. <162> CONJUGATION OF THE VERB, /Aimuk/, `to be'. * INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'-d-ai wigw“mek./ `I am in the house.' /K-d-ai &c./ `Thou art &c.' /Ao &c./ `He (she) is &c.' /N'-d-aibena &c./ `We are &c.' /K'-d-aiba &c./ `You are &c.' /Aaok &c./ `They are &c.' (Negative: /“da {n'-d-aiw}/, /“da {aiwi}/, `I am not,' `he is not.') Imperfect. /N'-d-aib aiamihawigamigok./ `I was in the church.' /K'-d-aib &c./ `Thou wast &c.' /'Aob &c./ `He was &c.' /N'-d-aibenob &c./ `We were &c.' /K'-d-aib“b &c./ `You were &c.' /'Aobanik &c./ `They were &c.' This tense is also used for the {past} definite. Future. /N'-d-aiji Molian./ `I shall or will be in Montreal.' /K'-d-aiji &c./ `Thou wilt be &c.' /'Aoji &c./ `He will be &c.' /N'-d-aibenaji &c./ `We shall be &c.' /K'-d-aibaji &c./ `You will be &c.' /'Aoakji &c./ `They will be &c.' * NOTE.--This {verb} is not {an auxiliary}, but a {principal} verb, which denotes {presence} or {residence}. <163> Second Future, /N'-d-aiji kizi wigiak.../ `I shall be at home already.' &c., after the {simple future}, putting /kizi/ after the verb. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present /N'daiba kpiwi./ `I should be in the woods' /K'-d-aiba &c./ `Thou wouldst be &c.' /'Aoba &c./ `He would be &c.' /N'-d-aibenaba &c./ `We should be &c.' /K'd-aibaba &c./ `You would &c.' /'Aoakba./ `They would be &c.' Past. /N'-d-aibba odanak./ `I should have been in town.' /K'-d-aibba &c./ `Thou wouldst h. b. &c.' /'Aobba &c./ `He would have b. &c.' /N'-d-aibenobba &c./ `We should have b. &c.' /K'-d-aib“bba &c./ `You would have b. &c.' /'Aobanikba &c./ `They would h. b. &c.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Ai./ `Be, stay {or} remain.' /Aij./ `Let him be {or} remain.' /Aida./ `Let us be {or} remain.' /Aigw./ `Be {or} remain.' /Aidij./ `Let them be {or} remain.' <164> SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. (/Chowald“zo/) (`Some want') /N'-d-ain./ `That I may be {or} remain.' /K'-d-ain./ `That thou mayest be {or} remain.' /W'-d-ain./ `That he may be {or} remain.' /N'-d-ainana./ `That we may be {or} remain.' /K'-d-ain“./ `That you may be {or} remain.' /W'-d-ain“./ `That they may be {or} remain.' Imperfect.. (/Chowald“zoba/) (`Some wanted') /N'-d-ainaza./ `That I might be {or} rem.' /W'-d-ainaza./ `That he might be {or} rem.' /N'-d-ainanossa./ `That we m. be {or} rem.' /K'-d-ain“ssa./ `That you m. be {or} rem.' /W'-d-ain“ssa./ `That they m. be {or} rem.' Past. /Kizi n'-d-ain./ `That I may have been {or} remained.' Etc., after the {present}, commencing by /kizi/. Pluperfect. /Kizi n'-d-ainaza./ `That I might have been {or} resided.' Etc., after the {imperfect}, commencing always by /kizi/. <165> CONJUGATION OF THE ANIMATE OBJECTIVE VERB. /Namih“muk/, `to see.' (Indefinite Conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'namih“, mosbas./ `I see a mink.' /K'namib“ &c./ `Thou seest &c.' /'Namiha/ * `He sees &c.' /N'namih“bena &c./ `We see &c.' /K'namih“ba &c./ `You see &c.' /'Namihak/ * `They see &c.' Imperfect. /N'namih“b moskuas./ `I saw, a muskrat.' /K'namih“b &c./ `Thou sawest &c.' /'Namihab/ * `He saw &c.' /N'namih“benob &c./ `We saw &c.' /K'namih“b“b &c./ `You saw &c.' /'Namihabanik/ * `The[y] saw &c.' Past definite. /N'namih““b mateguas./ `I saw a hare.' /K'namih““b &c./ `Thou sawest &c.' /'Namihab/ * `He saw &c.' /N'namih“benoob &c./ `We saw &c.' /K'namih“b““b &c./ `You saw &c.' /'Namihabanik/ * `They saw &c.' * Say: /'namiha, 'namihak, {mosbasa}/; /'namihab, 'namihabanik, {moskuasa}/; /-- {mateguasa}/. <166> Past Indefinite. /N'kizi namih“ awasos./ `I have seen a bear.' /'Kizi namiha./ * `He has seen &c.' /N'kizi namih“bena &c./ `We have seen &c.' /K'kizi namih“ba &c./ `You have seen &c.' /'Kizi namihak./ * `They have seen &c.' Pluperfect. /N'kizi namih“b peziko./ `I had seen a buffalo.' /K'kizi namih“b &c./ `Thou hadst seen &c.' /'Kizi namihab./ * `He had seen &c.' /N'kizi namih“benob &c./ `We had seen &c.' /K'kizi namih“b“b &c./ `You had seen &c.' /'Kizi namihabanik./ * `They had seen &c.' Future. /N'namih“ji m“lsem./ `I shall or will see a wolf.' /K'namih“ji &c./ `Thou wilt see &c.' /'Namihaji./ * `He will see &c.' /N'namih“benaji &c./ `We shall see &c.' /K'namih“baji &c./ `You will see &c.' /'Namihakji./ * `They will see &c.' Second Future. /N'namih“ji kizi wnegigw./ `I shall or will have seen an otter.' /K'namih“ji kizi &c./ `Thou wilt have seen &c.' /'Namihaji kizi./ * `He will have seen &c.' /N'namih“benaji kizi &c/ `We shall have seen &c.' /K'namih“baji kizi &c./ `You will h. seen &c.' /'Namihakji kizi./ * `They will h. seen &c.' * Say: /namiha, -- namihak {awasosa}/; /-- namihab, -- namihabanik, {pesikoa}/; /'namihaji, 'namihakji, {m“lsemo}/; /'namihaji, -- 'namihakji kizi, {wnegigwa}/. <167> CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'namih“ba mag“libo./ `I should see a carribou.' /N'namih“ba &c./ `Thou wouldst see &c.' /'Namihaba/ * `He would see &c.' /N'namih“benaba &c./ `We should see &c.' /K'namih“baba &c./ `You would see &c.' /'Namihakba/ * `They would see &c.' Past. /N'namih“bba nolka./ `I should h. seen a deer.' /K'namih“bba &c./ `Thou wouldst h. sn. &c.' /Namihabba &c./ `He would h. seen &c.' /N'amih“benobba &c./ `We should h. seen &c.' /K'namih“b“bba &c./ `You would h. seen &c.' /'Namihabanikba &c./ `They would h. seen &c.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Namiha./ `See (thou).' /Namih“j./ `Let him see.' /Namih“da./ `Let us see.' /Namihokw./ `See (ye or you).' /Namih“dij./ `Let them see.' SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'namih“n./ `That I may see.' /K'namih“n./ `That thou mayest see.' /W'namih“n./ `That he may see.' /N'namih“nana./ `That we may see.' /K'namih“n“./ `That you may see.' /W'namih“n“/ `That they may see.' * Say: /'namihaba, 'namihakba, {mag“liboa}/. <168> Imperfect. /N'namih“naza./ `That I might see.' /K'namih“naza./ `That thou mightest see.' /W'namih“naza./ `That he might see.' /N'namih“nanossa./ `That we might see./ /K'namih“n“ssa./ `That you might see.' /W'namih“n“ssa./ `That they might see.' Past. /Kizi n'namih“n,/ `That I may have seen.' &c., as above, after the {present} commencing by /kizi/. Pluperfect. /Kizi n'namih“naza,/ `That I might have seen' &c., after the {imperfect}, commencing by /kizi/. CONJUGATION OF THE {ANIMATE} OBJECTIVE VERB, /Namih“muk/, `to see.' (Finite Conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'namih“ aln“ba./ `I see the indian.' /K'namih“ &c./ `Thou seest &c.' /W'namih“ &c./ `He sees &c.' /N'namih“nna &c./ `We see &c.' /K'namih“w“ &c./ `You see &c.' /W'namih“w“ &c./ `They see. &c.' <169> Imperfect. /N'namih“b plachm“n./ `I saw the frenchman.' /K'namih“b &c./ `Thou sawest &c.' /W'namih“bani./ * `He saw &c.' /N'namih“nnob &c./ `We saw &c.' /K'namih“w“b &c./ `You saw &c.' /W'namih“w“bani/ * `They saw &c.' Past definite. /N'namih““b pastoni./ `I saw the american.' /K'namih““b &c./ `Thou sawest &c.' /W'namih“bani/ * `He saw &c.' /N'namih“n““b &c./ `We saw &c.' /K'namih“w“b &c./ `You saw &c.' /W'namih“w“bani/ * `They saw &c.' Past indefinite. /N'kizi namih“ iglism“n./ `I have seen the englishman.' /K'kzi [?] namih“ &c./ `Thou hast seen &c.' /W'kizi namih“/ * `He has seen &c.' /N'kizi mamih“nna [?] &c./ `We have seen &c.' /K'kizi namih“w“ &c./ `You have seen &c.' /W'kizi namih“w“/ * `They have seen &c.' Pluperfect. /N'kizi memih“b [?] alem“n./ `I had seen the german.' /K'kizi namih“b &c./ `Thou hadst seen &c.' * Say: /w'namih“bani, w'namih“w“bani {plachm“na}; /-- {pastonia}/. * Say: /w'kizi namih“, -- namih“w“ {iglism“na}/. <170> /W'kizi mamih“bani [?] &c./ * `He had seen the &c.' /N'kizi namih“nnob &c./ `We had seen &c.' /K'kizi namihow“b [?] &c./ `You had seen &c.' /W'kizinamih“w“bani/ * `They had seen &c.' Future. /N'namih“ji kaptin./ `I shall or will see the captain.' /K'namch“ji [?] &c./ `Thou wilt see &c.' /W'namh“ji [?] &c./ * `He will see &c.' /N'namih“maji [?] &c./ `We shall see &c.' /K'namih“w“ji &c./ `You will see &c.' /W'namih“w“ji/ * `They will see &c.' Second Future. /N'namih“ji kizi nojinbizonhowad./ `I shall or will have seen the doctor.' /K'namih“ji kizi &c./ `Thou wilt have seen &c.' /W'namih“ji kizi/ + `He will have seen &c.' /N'namih“maji [?] kizi &c./ `We shall have seen &c.' /K'namih“w“ji kizi &c./ `You will have seen &c.' /W'namih“w“ji kizi nojinbizonhowaliji./ `They will have seen &c.' * Say: /w'kizi namih“bani, namih“w“bani, {alem“na}/; /w'namih“ji, w'namihow“ji, {kaptina}/. + /W'namih“ji kizi {noji-nbizonhowalji}/. <171> CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'namih“ba soghebad./ `I should see the inn-keeper.' /W'namih“ba./ * `He would see &c.' /N'namih“nnaba &c./ `We should see &c.' /K'namih“w“ba &c./ `You would see &c.' /W'namih“w“ba./ * `They would see &c.' Past. /N'namih“bba notkuaag./ `I should have seen the pilot.' /W'namih“baniba./ + `He would h. seen &c.' /N'namih“nnobba &c./ `We should h. seen &c.' /K'namih“w“bba &c./ `You would h. seen &c.' /W'namih“w“baniba/ + `They would h. seen &c.' The remaining {Moods} and {tenses} are to be conjugated as in the {indefinite} conjugation. * /W'namih“ba, w'namih“w“ba, {soghebaliji}/; + /W'namih“baniba, w'namih“wobaniba [?] {notkuaagi}/. <172> CONJUGATION. Of the {inanimate} objective verb, /namitozik/, `to see' (Indefinite Conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'namito wigw“m./ `I see a house.' /'Namito &c./ `He sees &c.' /N'namitobena &c./ `We see &c.' /K'namitoba &c./ `You see &c.' /'Namitoak &c./ `They see &c.' Imperfect. /N'namitob mdawagen/ `I saw a flag.' /'Namitob &c./ `He saw &c.' /N'namitobenob &c./ `We saw &c.' /K'namitob“b &c./ `You saw &c.' /'Namitobanik &c./ `They saw &c.' Past definite. /N'namitoob odana./ `I saw a city, village.' /'Namitob &c./ `He saw &c.' /N'namitobenoob &c./ `We saw &c.' /K'namitob““b &c./ `You saw &c.' /'Namitobanik &c./ `They saw &c.' Past -- Indefinite. /N'kizi namito awighigan./ `I have seen a book, a deed.' /'Kizi namito &c./ `He has seen &c.' /N'kizi namitobena &c./ `We have seen &c.' /K'kizi namitoba &c./ `You have seen &c.' /'Kizi namitoak &c./ `They have seen &c.' <173> Pluperfect. /N'kizi namitob ktolagw/ `I had seen a ship,' /'Kizi namitob./ `He had seen &c.' /N'kizi namitobenob./ `We had seen &c.' /K'kizi namitob“b./ `You had seen &c.' /'Kizi namitobanik./ `They had seen &c.' Future. /N'namitoji kebahodwigamigw./ `I shall or will see a jail.' /'Namitoji./ `He will see &c.' /N'namitobenaji./ `We shall see &c.' /K'namitobaji./ `You will see &c.' /'Namitoakji./ `They will see &c.' Second Future. /N'namitoji kizi aiamihawigamigw./ `I shall have seen a church.' /'Namitoji kizi./ `He will have seen &c.' /N'namitobenaji kizi./ `We shall have seen &c.' /K'namitobaji kizi./ `You will have seen &c.' /'Namitoakji kizi./ `They will h. seen &c.' CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'namitoba, sibo./ `I should see a river.' /'Namitoba./ `He would see &c.' /N'namitobenaba./ `We should see &c.' /K'namitobaba./ `You would see &c.' /'Namitoakba./ `They would see &c.' <174> Past. /N'namitobba nebes./ `I should h. seen a lake.' /'Namitobba./ `He would have s. &c.' /N'namitobenobba./ `We should h. seen &c.' /K'namitob“bba./ `You would h. seen &c.' /'Namitobanikba./ `They would h. seen &c.' IMPERATIVE MOOD. /Namito./ `See (thou.)' /Namitoj./ `Let him see.' /Namitoda./ `Let us see.' /Namitogw./ `See (ye or you.)' /Namitodij./ `Let them see.' SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'namiton./ `That [I] may see.' /W'namiton./ `That he may see.' /N'namitonana./ `That we may see.' /K'namiton“./ `That you may see.' /W'namiton“./ `That they may see.' Imperfect. /N'namitonaza./ `That I might see.' /W'namitonaza./ `That he might see.' /N'namitonanossa/ `That we might see.' /K'namiton“ssa./ `That you might see.' /W'namiton“ssa./ `That they might see.' Past. /Kizi n'namiton./ `That I may have seen.' &c,, after the {present}, commencing by /kizi/. <175> Pluperfect. /Kizi n'namitonaza./ `That I might have seen.' &c., after the {imperfect} commencing by /kizi/. CONJUGATION OF THE {INANIMATE} OBJECTIVE VERB, /Namit“zik/, `to see'. (Finite Conjugation.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'namiton paskhigan./ `I see the gun.' /N'namitonana &c./ `We see &c.' /K'namiton“ &c./ `You see &c.' /W'namiton“ &c./ `They see &c.' Imperfect. /N'namitonab sagu“lhigan./ `I saw the ramrod.' /N'namitonanob &c./ } We saw &c. /K'namitonanob &c./ } /K'namiton“b &c./ `You saw &c.' /W'namiton“b &c./ `They saw &c.' This tense is also used for the {past definite}. Past Indefinite. /N'kizi namiton adeb“lagw./ `I have seen the rifle.' /N'kizi namitonana &c./ `We have seen &c.' /K'kizi namiton“ &c./ `You have seen &c.' /W'kizi namiton“ &c./ `They have seen &c' <176> Pluperfect. /N'kizi namitonab chawapnigan./ `I had seen the fish-hook' /N'kizi namitonanob &c./ `We had seen &c.' /K'kizi namiton“b &c./ `You had seen &c.' /W'kizi namiton“b &c./ `They had seen &c.' Future. /N'namitonji chawaniganakuam./ `I shall see the fishing-rod.' /N'namitonanaji &c./ `We shall see &c.' /K'namiton“ji &c./ `You will see &c.' /W'namiton“ji &c./ `They will see &c.' Second Future. /N'namitonji kizi chawapniganatagw./ `I shall have seen the fishing-line.' /N'namitonanaji kizi &c./ `We shall have seen &c.' /K'namiton“ji kizi &c./ `You will have seen &c.' /W'namiton“ji kizi &c./ `They will h. seen &c.' CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present. /N'namitonba aiamihawigamigw./ `I should see the church.' /N'namitonanaba &c./ `We should see &c.' /K'namiton“ba &c./ `You would see &c.' /W'namiton“ba &c./ `They would see &c.' <177> Past. /N'namitonabba sah“kuahigan./ `I should have seen the bell.' /N'namitonanobba &c./ `We should have seen &c.' /K'namiton“bba &c./ `You would have seen &c.' /W'namiton“bba &c./ `They would have seen &c.' The remaining {moods} and {tenses} are to be conjugated as in the {indefinite} conjugation. CONJUGATION OF THE PASSIVE VERB, /Kazalmegwzimuk/, `to be loved'. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /N'kezalmegwzi./ `I am loved.' /'Kezalmegwzo./ `He is loved.' /N'kezalmegwzibena./ `We are loved.' /K'kezalmegwziba./ `You are loved.' /'Kezalmegwzoak/ `They are loved.' Imperfect. /N'kezalmegwzib./ `I was loved.' /'Kezalmegwzob./ `He was loved.' /N'kezalmegwzibenob./ `We were loved.' /K'kezalmegwzib“b/ `You were loved.' /'Kezalmegwzobanik./ `They were loved.' This tense is also used for the {past definite}, {indefinite} and {pluperfect} tenses. <178> Future. /N'kezalmegwziji./ `I shall or will be loved.' &c., after the {present} tense, affixing /ji/ to the verb. CONDITIONAL MOOD Present. /N'kezalmegwziba/ `I should be loved.' &c., after the {present} tense, affixing /ba/ to the verb. Past. /N'kezalmegwzibba./ `I should have been loved' &c., after the {imperfect} tense, affixing /ba/ to the verb. IMPERATIVE MOOD /Kezalmegwzi./ `Be (thou) loved.' /Kezalmegwzij./ `Let him be loved.' /Kezalmegwzida./ `Let us be loved.' /Kezalmegwzigw./ `Be (ye or you) loved.' /Kezalmegwzidij./ `Let them be loved.' SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. /N'kezalmegwzin./ `That I may be loved.' /W'kezalmegwzin./ `That he may &c.' /N'kezalmegwzinana./ `That we may &c.' /K'kezalmegwzin“./ `That you may &c.' /W'kezalmegwzin“./ `That they may &c.' <179> Imperfect. /N'kezalmegwzinaza./ `That I might be loved.' /W'kezalmegwzinaza./ `That he might &c.' /N'kazalmegwzinanossa/ [?] `That we might &c.' /K'kezalmegwzin“ssa./ `That you might &c.' /W'kezalmegwzin“ssa./ `That they might &c.' This tense is used also for the two remaining tenses. RELATIVE CONJUGATION Of the verb /Kazalm“muk/, `to love', affirmative form. (I.... thee, &c.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /K'kezalmel./ `I love thee.' /K'kezalmelbena./ `We love thee.' /K'kezalmegw./ `He loves thee.' /K'kezalmegok./ `They love thee.' /K'kezalmelba./ `I love you.' /K'kezalme[l]bena./ `We love you.' /K'kezalmegw“./ `He loves you.' /K'kezalmegw“k./ `They love you.' Imperfect. /K'kezalmelob./ `I loved thee.' /K'kezalmelbenop./ `We loved thee.' /K'kezalmegob./ `He loved thee.' /K'kezalmegobanik./ `They loved thee.' /K'kezalmelb“p./ `I loved you.' /K'kezalmelbenop./ `We loved you.' /K'kezalmegw“p./ `He loved you.' /K'kezalmegw“banik./ `They loved you.' This tense is used also for past {definite}, past {indefinite} and {pluperfect} tenses. <180> (Negative.--Present) /O'da k'kezalmelo./ `I don't love thee.' / " k'kezalmeloppena./ `We don't love thee.' / " k'kezalmegowi./ `He does not love thee' / " k'kezalmegowiak./ `They don't love thee.' / " k'kezalmeloppa./ `I don't love you.' / " k'kezalmeloppena./ `We don't love you.' /O'da k'kezalmegowiww“./ `He does not love you.' /O'da k'kezalmegowiww“k./ `They don't love you.' (Imperfect.) /O'da k'kezalmelob./ `I did not love you.' &c., after the affirmative form, {imperfect} tense, commencing always by /“da/. RELATIVE CONJUGATION Of the verb /Kazalm“muk/, `to love', affirmative form. (Thou... me, &c.) INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. /K'kezalmi./ `Thou lovest me.' /K'kezalmiba./ `You love me.' /N'kezalmegw./ `He loves me.' /N'kezalmegok./ `They love me.' /K'kezalmibena./ `Thou lovest us' /K'kezalmibena./ `You love us.' /N'kezalmegonna./ `He loves us.' /N'kezalmegonnawak./ `They love us.' <181> Imperfect. /K'kezalmib./ `Thou lovedst me.' /K'kezalmib“p./ `You loved me.' /N'kezalmegob./ `He loved me.' /N'kezalmegobanik./ `They loved me.' /K'kezalmibenop./ `Thou lovedest us.' /K'kezalmibenop./ `You loved us.' /N'kezalmegonnop./ `He loved us.' /N'kezalmegonnobanik./ `They loved us.' This tense is used also for past {definite}, past {indefinite} and {pluperfect} tenses. (Negative.-- Present.) /O'da k'kezalmiw./ `Thou doest n. love me.' / " k'kezalmippa./ `You don't love me.' / " n'kezalmegowi./ `He does not love me.' / " n'kezalmegowiak./ `They don't love me.' / " k'kezalmippena./ `Thou doest not love us.' / " k'kezalmippena./ `You don't love us.' / " n'kezalmegowinna./ `He does not love us.' / " n'kezalmegowinnawak./ `They don't love us.' Imperfect. /O'da k'kezalmib./ `Thou didst n. love me.' &c., after the affirmative form, {imperfect} tense commencing always by /“da/. <182> LIST OF SOME OF THE VERBS MOST FREQUENTLY MET WITH IN THE ABENAKIS LANGUAGE. Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /Agim“muk,/ } `To count;' /Agima,/ /Agimogw./ /Agid“zik/, * } `To read.' * /Agida,/ /Agidamogw./ /Agizimuk/, * } /Agizi,/ /Agizigw./ /Awigh“muk,/ } `To mark,' /Awigha,/ /Awighogw./ /Awigh“zilk,/ * } `To write.' * do /Awighamogw./ /Awighigamuk,/ * } /Awighiga,/ /Awighigagw./ /Agakim“muk,/ } `To teach.' /Agakima,/ /Agakimogw./ /Agakigamimuk,/ } /Agakigami,/ /Agakigamigw./ /Alokamuk,/ `To work.' /Aloka,/ /Alokagw./ /Awakamuk,/ } `To use;' /Awaka,/ /Awakagw./ /Awakat“zik,/ } `To employ.' /Awakato,/ /Awakatogw./ /Askawih“muk,/ } `To wait for;' /Skawiha,/ /Skawihogw./ /Askawit“zik,/ } `To expect.' /Skawito,/ /Skawitogw./ /Awigih“muk,/ `To appease.' /Awigiha,/ /Awigihogw./ /Akikamuk,/ `To sow.' /Kika,/ /Kikagw./ /Aliguaw“muk,/ } /Liguawa,/ /Liguaogw./ /Aligu“zik,/ } `To sew.' /Ligua,/ /Liguamogw./ /Aligu“nsamuk,/ /Ligu“nsa,/ /Ligu“nsagw./ <183> /Awsk“n“muk,/ } `To displace.' /Awsk“na,/ /Awsk“nogw./ /Awsk“n“zik,/ } do /Awsk“nemogw./ /Awsk“nkamuk,/ `To trouble.' /Awsk“nka,/ /Awsk“nkagw./ /Alidah“m“muk,/ } /Lidah“ma,/ /Lidah“mogw./ /Alidah“d“zik,/ } `To think;' /Lidah“da,/ /Lidah“damogw./ /Alidah“zimuk,/ } `To presume.' /Lidah“zi,/ /Lidah“zigw./ /Chann“muk,/ * } /Channa./ /Channogw./ /Channozik,/ * } `To stop; a arrest.' * do /Channemogw./ /Chanosamuk,/ } /Chanosa./ /Chanosagw./ /Chegas“muk,/ } `To light.' /Chegasa,/ /Chegasogw./ /Chegas“zik,/ } `To burn.' do /Chegasmogw./ /Id“zik,/ `To say.' /Ida,/ /Idamogw./ /Ik“l“muk,/ } /Ik“la,/ /Ik“logw./ /Ik“d“zik,/ } `To defend.' /Ik“da,/ /Ik“demogw./ /Ik“lwamuk,/ } /Ik“lwa,/ /Ik“lwagw./ /Ik“lzimuk,/ `To defend oneself.' /Ik[“]lzi,/ /Ik“lzigw./ /Ik“ldimuk,/ `To defend each other.' /Ik“ldigw./ /Kalol“muk,/ `To speak to.' /Kelola,/ /Kelologw./ /Kalozimuk,/ `To talk, speak.' /Kelozi,/ /Kelozigw./ /Kawimuk,/ `To sleep.' /Kawi,/ /Kawigw./ /Kwilawah“muk,/ } `To look for.' /Kwilawaha,/ /Kwilawahogw./ /Kwilawat“zik,/ } `To search.' /Kwilawato,/ /Kwilawatogw./ <184> Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /Kawh“muk,/ } `To cut down (a tree.)' /Kawha,/ /Kawhogw./ /Kawhakuamuk/ } `A tree.' /Kawhakua,/ /Kawhakuagw./ /Kajimijebikamuk,/ `To unload.' /Kajimijebika,/ /Kajimijebikagw./ /Kebikwah“muk,/ } /Kebikwaha,/ /Kebikwahogw./ /Kebikwah“zik,/ } `To seal' do /Kebikwaamogw./ /Kebikwahigamuk,/ } /Kebikwahiga,/ /Kebikwahigagw./ /Kabh“muk * } `To shut; to cork' /Kebaha./ /Kebahogw./ /Kabh“zik,/ } `To emprison.' * do /Kebahamogw./ /Kazebaal“muk,/ } /Kezebaala,/ /Kezebaalogw./ /Kazebaad“zik,/ } `To wash.' /Kezebaado,/ /Kezebaadogw./ /Kazebaadigamuk,/ } /Kezebaadiga,/ /Kezebaadigagw./ /Kwalben“muk,/ } `To turn (over)' /Kwelbena,/ /Kwelbenogw./ /Kwalben“zik,/ do /Kwelbenemogw./ /Kwalbosamuk,/ `To turn round.' /Kwelbosa,/ /Kwelbosagw./ /Kwazial“muk,/ } /Kweziala,/ /Kwezialogw./ /Kwaziad“zik,/ } `To swallow' /Kweziado,/ /Kweziadogw./ /Kwaziad“muk,/ } /Kweziado,/ /Kweziad“gw./ /Kadopimuk,/ `To be hungry.' /Kadopi,/ /Kadopigw./ /Kadawesmimuk,/ `To be thirsty, dry.' /Kadawesmi./ /Kadawesmigw./ <185> /Kital“muk./ } `To whet;' /Kitala,/ /Kitalogw./ /Kitad“zik,/ } `To sharpen.' /Kitado,/ /Kitadogw./ /Kitadasimuk,/ } /Kitadasi,/ /Kitadasigw./ /Kadkah“muk,/ } `To dig;' /Kadkaha,/ /Kadkahogw./ /Kadkah“zik,/ } `To dig out.' do /Kadkahamogw./ /Kadkahigamuk,/ } /Kadkahiga,/ /Kadkahigagw./ /Kalabil“muk,/ } `To tie (up).' /Kelabila,/ /Kelabilogw./ /Kalabid“zik,/ } /Kelabido./ /Kelabidogw./ /Kalabligamuk,/ } /Kelabliga,/ /Kelabligagw./ /Kaboakwh“muk,/ } `To button (up).' /Keboakwha,/ /Keboakwhogw./ /Kaboakwh“zik,/ } do /Keboakwhamogw./ /Kwaguen“muk,/ } `To push.' /Kwaguena,/ /Kwaguenogw./ /Kwagwn“zik,/ } do /Kwagwnemogw./ /Kadosmimuk,/ `To drink.' /Kadosmi,/ /Kadosmigw./ /Kwaguatskoal“muk,/ } `To try.' /Kwaguatskoala,/ /Kwaguatskoalogw./ /Kwaguatskoad“zik,/ /Kwaguatskoado,/ /Kwaguatskoadogw./ /Kw“zol“muk,/ } `To shun;' /Kw“zola,/ /Kw“zologw./ /Kw“zod“zik,/ } `To avoid.' /Kw“zoda,/ /Kw“zodamogw./ /Kazalm“muk./ } `To love; to like.' /Kezalma,/ /Kezalmogw,/ /Kazald“zik,/ } /Kezalda,/ /Kezaldamogw./ /Kazalgamuk,/ } /Kezalga,/ /Kezalgagw./ /Kalajimuk,/ `To freeze.' /Kelaji,/ /Kelajigw./ <186> Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /K“ttassimuk,/ } `To hide;' /K“ttasi,/ /K“tasigw./ /K“tt“zik,/ } `To conceal.' /K“tto,/ /K“ttogw./ /K“tt“muk,/ } /K“tla,/ /K“tlogw./ /Kagaln“muk,/ } `To hold.' /Kagalna,/ /Kagalnogw./ /Kagaln“zik,/ } do /Kagalnemogw./ /Kaz“mahl“muk,/ `To run.' /Kez“mahl“,/ /Kez“mahlogw./ /Kamodnamuk,/ `To steal.' /Kemodna,/ /Kemodnagw./ /K“g“lwamuk,/ `To cry, to halloo.' /K“g“lwa,/ /K“g“lwagw./ /Kawhoamuk,/ `To win.' /Kawhoa,/ /Kawhoagw./ /Moh“muk,/ } `To eat.' /Moha,/ /Mohogw./ /Mij“zik,/ } /Miji,/ /Mijigw./ /Mitsimuk,/ } /Mitsi,/ /Mitsigw./ /Magamuk,/ `To give (away.)' /Maga,/ /Magagw./ /M“jahomuk,/ } `To begin.' /M“jaha,/ /M“jahogw./ /M“jat“zik,/ } /M“jato,/ /M“jatogw./ /M“jal“muk,/ } `To carry away,' /M“jala,/ /M“jalogw./ /M“jad“zik,/ } `To take away.' /M“jado,/ /M“jadogw./ /Mahsih“muk,/ } `To make greater.' /Msiha,/ /Msihogw./ /Mahsit“zik,/ } /Msito,/ /Msitogw./ <187> /Madw“zimuk,/ { `To complain;' /Madw“zi,/ /Madw“zigw./ { `To grumble.' /Manoh“muk,/ } `To buy.' /Manoha,/ /Manahogw./ /Manoh“zik,/ } do /Manohomogw./ /Manohigamuk,/ } /Manohiga,/ /Manohigagw./ /Migakamuk,/ `To fight.' /Migaka,/ /Migakagw./ /Malisj“muk,/ `To weep.' /Melisj“,/ /Melisj“gw./ /Manazaawimuk,/ `To be saving; to save.' /Manazaawi,/ /Manazaawigw./ /Mijebikamuk,/ `To load.' /Mijebika,/ /Mijebikagw./ /M“mjim“muk,/ `To congratulate.' /Mimjima,/ /M“mimogw,/ /M“mjidimuk,/ `To congratulate one another.' /M“mjidigw./ /Maskawloh“muk,/ } `To praise,' /Mskawloha,/ /Mskawlohogw./ /Maskawloh“zik,/ } do /Mskawlohmogw./ /M“jimuk,/ `To start, to go away.' /M“ji,/ /M“jigw,/ /Nasl“muk,/ } `To put on.' /Nasla,/ /Naslogw./ /Nast“zik,/ } /Nasto,/ /Nastogw./ /Nimskaw“muk./ } `To fetch.' /Nimskawa,/ /Nimskawogw./ /Nimsk“zik,/ } /Nimska,/ /Nimskamogw./ /Naskuah“muk,/ `To comb.' /Naskuaha,/ /Naskuahogw./ /Naskuahozimuk,/ `To comb oneself.' /Naskuahozi,/ /Naskuahozigw./ /Nadom“muk,/ } `To inquire, to ask for.' /Nadoma,/ /Nadomogw./ /Nadod“zik,/ } /Nadoda,/ /Nadodemogw./ <188> Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /Nadodemaw“muk,/ `To ask; to question.' /Nadodemawa,/ /Nadodemawogw./ /Nadodemakamuk,/ `To ask for, to inquire.' /Nadodemoka,/ /Nadodemokagw./ /Nosokaw“muk,/ } /Nosokawa,/ /Nosokawogw./ /Nosok“zik,/ } + `To follow, to run after.' /Nosoka,/ /Nosokamogw./ /Nosokozimuk/, } /Nosokozi,/ /Nosokozigw./ /Nanawalm“muk,/ } `To keep; to take care of' /Nanawalma,/ /Nanawalmogw./ /Nanawald“zik,/ } /Nanawalda,/ /Nanawaldamogw/ /Namih“muk/ } /Namiha,/ /Namihogw./ /Namit“zik,/ } `To see; to observe.' /Namito,/ /Namitogw./ /Paz“bimuk,/ } /Paz“bi,/ /Paz“bigw./ /Namitlowamuk,/ `To show.' /Namitlowa,/ /Namitlowagw./ /Nadialimuk,/ `To hunt.' /Nadiali,/ /Nadialigw./ /Nakasah“zik,/ `To put out.' /Nkasaha,/ /Nkasahamogw./ /O'jemimuk,/ `To relate; to declare.' /O'jemi,/ /O'jemigw./ + NOTE. -- As you see, many of these infinitives are expressed in {two} and {three} different ways, having however the same signification in English; these verbs are: 1. the {animate}, ending in /muk/; 2 the {inanimate}, ending in /zik/; 3. the {neuter}, ending, like the animate, in /muk./ See Conjugations. <189> /O'tl“muk,/ } `To mo[v]e forward.' /O'tla,/ /O'tlogw./ /O'tt“zik,/ } `To adjourn.' /O'tto,/ /O'ttogw./ /O'ben“muk/ } `To untie.' /O'bena,/ /O'benogw./ /O'ben“zik,/ } do /O'bnemogw./ /O'dok“l“muk,/ `To declare one's fault.' /O'dok“la,/ /O'dok“logw./ /O'dok“d“zik,/ `To explain.' /O'dok“da,/ /O'dok“damogw./ /O'bankamuk,/ `To pay.' /O'banka,/ /O'bankagw./ /O'nkohl“muk,/ `To sell.' /O'nkohl“,/ /O'nkohl“gw./ /O'maw“muk,/ } `To fish.' /O'mawa,/ /O'maogw./ /O'mamuk,/ } /O'ma,/ /O'magw./ /O'dokazimuk,/ `To converse.' /O'dokazi,/ /O'dokazigw/ /Pai“muk,/ `To come; to arrive.' /Pai“,/ /Pai“gw./ /Pon“muk,/ } /Pona,/ /Ponogw./ /Pon“zik,/ } `To put; to place.' do /Ponemogw./ /Ponasimuk,/ } /Ponasi,/ /Ponasigw./ /Pitkazawamuk,/ { `To load a gun, a canon, a pistol.' /Pitkazawa./ /Pitkazawagw./ /Pak“gn“muk,/ } `To bend.' /Pk“gna,/ /Pk“gnogw./ /Pak“gn“zik,/ } do /Pk“gnemogw./ /Pakawagn“muk,/ } `To fold; to plait.' /Pkawagna./ /Pkawagnogw./ /Pakawagn“zik,/ } do /Pkawagnemogw./ /Pasktah“zik,/ `To shell; to break.' /Pasktaha,/ /Pasktahamogw./ /Posken“muk,/ `To bury.' /Poskena,/ /Poskenogw./ <190> Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /Poskwen“muk,/ } `To break; to revoke.' /Poskwena,/ /Poskwenog./ /Poskwen“zik,/ } do /Poskwenemogw/ /Pazw“muk,/ } `To bring.' /Pazowa./ /Pazoogw./ /Pad“zik,/ } /Pado,/ /Padogw./ /P“ktah“muk,/ `To beat.' /P“ktaha./ /P“ktahogw./ /Poskwtah“muk,/ } `To cut, (with an axe)' /Poskwtaha./ /Poskwtahogw,/ /Poskwtah“zik,/ } do /Poskwtahamogw./ /Poskwez“muk,/ } `To cut (with a knife)' /Poskweza,/ /Poskwezogw./ /Poskwez“zik,/ } do /Poskwezemogw./ /Poskwen“muk,/ } `To break, (with the hands}.' /Poskwena,/ /Poskwenogw./ /Poskwen“zik,/ } do /Poskwenemogw./ /Poskwkaw“muk,/ } `To break, (with the feet).' /Poskwkawa,/ /Poskwkaogw./ /Poskwk“zik,/* } `To infringe,* to transgress.' /Poskwka,/ /Pos[k]wkamogw./ /Pakih“muk,/ } `To clean; to clear.' /Pakiha,/ /Pakihogw./ /Pakit“zik./ } /Pakito,/ /Pakitogw./ /Palagz“muk./ } `To peel, (with knife).' /Pelagza,/ /Plagzogw./ /Palagz“zik./ } do /Plagzemogw./ <191> /Palagn“muk,/ } `To peel, (with the hands)' /Plagna,/ /Plagnogw./ /Palagnozik,/ } do /Plagnemogw./ /Pakwsas“muk,/ } `To dry.' /Pakwsasa,/ /Pakwsasogw./ /Pakwsas“zik,/ } do /Pakwsasmogw./ /Paksasozimuk./ `To dry oneself.' /Pakwsasozi./ /Pakwsasozigw./ /Tamez“muk,/ } `To cut.' /Temeza./ /Temezogw./ /Tamez“zik,/ } do /Temezemogw./ /Taakwen“muk,/ } `To shorten' /Taakwena/ /Taakwenogw./ /Taakwen“zik/ } do /Taakwenemogw./ /Tapsedaw“muk,/ } `To listen to; to hear.' /Tebestawa,/ /Tebestawogw./ /Tapsed“zik,/ } /Tebesta,/ /Tebestamogw./ /Tapsedamasimuk,/ } /Tebestamasi./ /Tebestamasigw./ /Tagam“muk,/ } `To strike.' /Tagama,/ /Tagamogw./ /Tagad“zik,/ } /Tagada,/ /Tagadamogw./ /Tagamwamuk,/ } /Tagamwa./ /Tagamwagw./ /Wijokam“muk,/ } /Wijokama./ /Wijokamogw./ /Wijokad“zik,/ } `To help; to assist.' /Wijokada,/ /Wijokadamogw./ /Wijokagamimuk,/ } /Wijokagami,/ /Wijokagamigw./ /Wijokamzimuk,/ `To help oneself.' /Wijokamzi,/ /Wijokamzigw./ /Wijokadimuk,/ `To help other each.' /Wijokadigw./ /Wanial“muk,/ } /Waniala,/ /Wanialogw./ /Waniad“zik,/ } `To lose.' /Waniado,/ /Waniadogw./ /Waniad“muk,/ } /Waniad“,/ /Waniad“gw/ <192> Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /Wikwn“muk,/ } `to draw, to take.' /Wikwena,/ /Wikwenogw./ /Wikwn“zik,/ } do /Wikwenemogw./ /Wikom“muk,/ } `To ask for.' /Wikoma./ /Wikomogw./ /Wikod“zik,/ } /Wikoda,/ /Wikodemogw./ /Waw“dokaw“muk/ } `To warn; to notify.' /Waw“dakawa,/ /Waw“dokawogw./ /Waw“jemimuk,/ } /Waw“jemi,/ /Waw“jemigw./ /Wajam“muk,/ } `To kiss.' /Wajama,/ /Wajamogw./ /Wajad“zik./ } /Wajada,/ /Wajadamogw./ /Wal“masokamuk/ } `To swear. (oath).' /Wl“masoka,/ /Wl“masokagw./ /Pasanlh“muk,/ } `To fill (up) with things.' /Psanlha,/ /Psanlhogw./ /Pasant“zik,/ } /Psanto,/ /Psantogw./ /Pasanbaal“muk,/ } `To fill with liquid.' /Psanbaala,/ /Psanbaalogw./ /Pasanbaad“zik,/ } /Psanbaado,/ /Psanbaadogw./ /Pasan“mkah“muk,/ } `To fill with sand or fine gravel.' /Psan“mkaha,/ /Psan“mkahogw./ /Pasan“mkah“sik,/ } do /Psan“mkamogw./ /Pejidakamuk,/ } `To forward; to mail.' /Pejidaka./ /Pejidakagw./ /Siwana“muk,/ } `To salt.' /Siwanaa./ /Siwanaogw./ /Siwana“zik,/ } do /Siwanaamogw./ /Siwanaigamuk,/ } /Siwanaiga,/ /Siwanaigagw./ <193> /Sinaww“d“zik, } `To sign.' /Sinaww“da./ /Sinaww“damogw./ /Sinawwimuk,/ } /Sinawwi,/ /Sinawwigw./ /Sagam“muk, } `To bite.' /Sagama,/ /Sagamogw./ /Sagad“zik,/ } /Sagada,/ /Sagadamogw./ /Sagamwamuk,/ /Sagamwa./ /Sagamwagw./ /Sezoh“muk,/ } /Sezoha,/ /Sezohogw./ /Sezoh“zik,/ } `To paint.' do /Sezohomogw./ /Sezohigamuk,/ } /Sezohiga,/ /Sezohigagw./ /Taguagui“muk,/ } /Taguaguia,/ /Taguaguiogw./ /Taguaguit“zik,/ } `To finish; to terminate.' /Taguaguito,/ /Taguaguitogw./ /Taguagualokamuk, } /Taguagualoka,/ /Taguagualokagw./ /Tablom“muk,/ } `To mention.' /Tebloma,/ /Teblomogw./ /Tablod“zik,/ } /Tebloda,/ /Tablodmogw./ /Talaginaal“muk,/ } `To tear up.' /Talaginaala,/ /Talaginaalogw./ /Talaginaad“zik,/ } /Talaginaado,/ /Talaginaadogw./ /Tablogamimuk,/ } `To slander.' /Teblogami,/ /Teblogamigw./ /Wagi“muk,/ } `To spoil; to endamage;' /Wagia,/ /Wagiogw./ /Wagit“zik, } `to break.' /Wagito/ /Wagitogw./ /Wagawn“muk,/ } /Wagawna,/ /Wagawnogw./ /Wagawn“zik,/ } `To disturb; to trouble.' do /Wagawnemogw./ /Wagawnakamuk, } /Wagawnaka,/ /Wagawnakagw./ /Wawim“muk,/ `To advise; to exhort.' /Wawima,/ /Wawimogw./ <194> Infinitive. Signification. Imp. 2 pers.sing. Imp. 2 pers.plur. /Wali“muk,/ } `To make.' /Wlia,/ /Wliogw./ /Walit“zik,/ } /Wlito,/ /Whitogw./ /Wanalm“muk,/ } `To forget.' /Wanalma,/ /Wanalmogw./ /Wanald“zik,/ } /Wanalda,/ /Wanaldamogw./ /Walilawa“muk,/ } `To please, to content.' /Wlilawaa,/ /Wlilawaogw./ /Walilawat“zik,/ } /Wlilawato,/ /Wlilawatogw./ /Wadn“muk,/ } `To take.' /Wdena,/ /Wdenogw./ /Wadn“zik,/ } do /Wdenemogw./ /Walitebahl“muk,/ } `To set in order, to fix.' /Wlitebahla,/ /Wlitebahlogw./ /Walitebaht“zik,/ } /W[l]itebahto,/ /Wlitebahtogw./ /Waj“n“muk,/ +} `To have.' /Waj“na,/ /Waj“nogw./ /Waj“n“zik,/ } do /Waj“nemogw./ /Aimuk,/ * `To be.' /Ai,/ /Aigw./ + Remember that /w[a]j“n“muk,/ (`to have') is not an auxiliary, but a principal verb expressing {possession}. * /Aimuk/ is likewise a principal verb, which denotes either {presence} or {residence}. <195> SYNOPTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS SHOWING THE NUMEROUS MODIFICATIONS OF THE ABENAKIS VERB. 1. Transitive verb.-- /Namih“muk,/ `to see,' animate, {indefinite} conjugation: /N'namih“, n'namih“bena tmakwa./ `I see, we see a beaver.' /'Namiha, namihak tmakwa./ `He sees, they see a beaver, or beavers.' 2. Transitive verb. -- /Namiht“muk,/ `to see,' animate, {finite} conjugation: /N'namih“, n'namih“nna tmakwa./ `I see, we see the beaver' /W'namih“, w'namih“w“ tmakwa./ `He sees, they see the beaver, or beavers.' 3. Transitive verb. -- /Namit“zik,/ `to see,' inanimate, {indefinite} conjugation: /N'namito, n'namitobena wiguaol;/ `I see, we see a bark canoe;' /'Namito, 'namitoak wiguaol./ `He sees, they see a bark canoe.' 4. Transitive verb. -- /Namit“zik,/ `to see,' inanimate, {finite} conjugation: /N'namiton, n'namitonana wiguaol;/ `I see, we see the bark canoe;' /W'namiton, w'namiton“ wiguaol./ `He sees, they see the bark canoe.' <196> 5. Intransitive verb. -- /Paz“bimuk,/ `to see,' {indefinite} conjugation: /N'paz“bi, n'paz“bibena nopahiwi;/ `I see, we see far off;' /'Paz“bo, 'paz“boak nopahiwi./ `He sees, they see far off.' 6. Intransitive verb. -- /Paz“bimuk,/ `to see,' {finite} conjugation: /N'paz“bin, n'paz“binana ia nebessek;/ `I see, we see clear down to that lake.' /W'paz“bin, w'paz“bin“ ia nebessek./ `He sees, they see clear down to that lake.' 7. Passive verb. -- /Namiiguezimuk,/ `to be seen:' /N'namiiguezi, n'namiiguezibena;/ `I am seen, we are seen.' /'Namiiguezo, 'namiiguezoak./ `He is seen, they are seen.' 8. Reflective verb. -- /Namihozimuk,/ `to see one self.' /N'namihozi n'namihozibena;/ `I see myself, we see ourselves;' /'Namihozo, 'namihozoak. `He sees himself, she sees herself, they see themselves.' <197> 9. Communicative verb. -- /Namihodimuk,/ `to see each other:' /N'namiho{dibena},/ `We see each other,' /'Namihodoak./ `They see each other,' 10. Causing verb. -- /Paz“bikh“muk,/ va. `to make see,' (`to restore a neighbour's sight'), {definite} conjugation: /N'paz“bikh“, n'paz“bikh“nna man“dguezit;/ `I make, we make the blind see, (we restore the blind man's sight);' /W'paz“bikh“, w'paz“bikh“w“ nan“dgueziliji./ `He makes, they make the blindman or blindmen see.' 11. Frequentative verb. -- /T“tagam“muk,/ va. `to strike repeatedly,' (modification of the verb, /tagam“muk,/ `to strike,') animate, {finite} conjugation: /N't“tagam“, n't“tagam“nna; n't“tagam“nnawak/; `I strike him, we strike him, repeatedly; we strike, them repeatedly;' /W't“tagam“, w't“tagam“w“./ `He strikes him, they strike them, repeatedly.' * The causing verb indicates that its subject causes some animate object to {be} in a certain circumstance, or to do something, v.g. /n'kamgui,/ `I dive'; /n'kamguikh“,/ `I make him dive.' <198> 12. Frequentative verb. -- /T“dagad“zik,/[?] va, `to strike repeatedly,' (modification of the verb, /tagad“zik,/ `to strike,') inanimate, {finite} conjugation; /N't“tagadamen, n't“tagadamenana;/ `I strike it, we strike it, repeatedly.' /W't“tagadamen, w'totagadamen“./ `He strikes it, they strike it, repeatedly.' 13. Working verb.* -- /Abaznodakamuk,/ vn., `to make baskets,' derived from the substantive /abaznoda,/ `basket.' /N'-d-abaznodaka, n'-d-abaznodakabena;/ `I make baskets, we make baskets;' /'Abazn“daka, 'abaznodakak./ `He makes baskets, they make baskets.' 14. Slow-performing verb. -- /Mannalokamuk,/ vn., `to work slowly,' (1. {modification} of the verb /alokamuk,/ `to work'): /N'mannaloka, n'mannalokabena;/ `I work, we work, slowly;' /N'mannawighiga, 'mannawighigak./ `I write, they write, slowly.' * This kind of verbs is called so, because they always indicate the {doing} of a work, that is, of the substantive from which it is derived, v. g. /“gem,/ `snow shoe': /n'-d-“gemika,/ `I make snow shoes'; /“wdi,/ `road': /n'-d-“wdika,/ `I make a road.' <199> 15. Quick-performing verb. -- /Kazalokamuk/, vn `to work speedily' (2. {modification} of the verb /alokamuk,/ `to work'): /N'kezaloka, n'kezalokabena;/ `I work, we work, with celerity;' /N'kezawighiga, n'kezawighigabena./ `He writes, they write, fast.' 16. Neat working verb. -- /Pabakalokamuk,/ vn. `to work neatly or carefully.' (3. {modification} of the verb /alokamuk,/ `to work'): /N'pabakaloka, n'pabakalabena;/ `I work, we work, carefully;' /'Pabakalokak./ `They work carefully.' 17. Rough or coarse working verb. -- /M“m“gualokamuk,/ vn. `to work roughly,' (4. {modification} of the verb /alokamuk,/ `to work'): /N'm“m“gualoka, n'm“m“gualokabena;/ `I make, we make, rough or coarse work;' /'M“m“gualokak./ `They make coarse work' 18. Conjunctive verb. -- 1. /Nisalokamuk,/ `to work two together'; 2. /Kasalokamuk,/ `to work with some others'; 3. /M“walokamuk,/ `to perform statute-labour or work many together,' ({three} other modifications of the verb /alokamuk,/ `to work'): <200> 1. /N'nisalokabena nijia./ `I work with my brother, or, my brother and I work together.' 2. /N'kasaloka n'mit“gwes ta kedagik./ `I work with my father and some others.' 3. /N'm“walokabena/ {or} /n'm“walokhedibena./ `We perform statuate-labour; we all work together.' 19. Feigning verb. * -- /Akuam alsik“lz imuk,/ vn. `to feign to be sick.' (Modification of the verb /akuamalsimuk,/ `to be sick'). (/N'-d-akuamalsi./ `I am sick.') /N'-d-akuamalsik“lzi;/ `I feign to be sick.' /'Akuamalsik“lzoak./ `They feign to be sick.' 20. Reproaching verb. -- /Waz“mawighigamuk,/ vn., `to write too much,' (so to hurt oneself in one way or other.) Modification of the verb /awighigamuk,/ `to write.' /N'oz“mawighiga, n'oz“mawighigabena./ `I write or wrote too much, we write or wrote too much (so that our sight is now weak.)' /'Wz“magighigak./ `They write or wrote too much.' This means also: `they wrote a {libellous} article.' * As in the Otchipwe Grammar, a verb of this kind represents always its subject doing something for show only, or by dissimulation. <201> 21. Abundance verb. -- /Masalawigh“zik,/ va. /masalawighigamuk,/ vn. `to write much.' ({modification} of the verb, /awigh“zik,/ va., inanimate, and /awighigamuk,/ vn., `to write.' /N'mesalawigham, n'mesalawighambena awighiganal./ `I write, we write many letters.' /'Msalawigham, msalawighamok awighi-[sic]/ `He writes, they write many letters.' /N'mesalawighiga, n'mesalawighigabena;/ `I write much, we write much.' /'Msalawighiga 'msalawighigak./ `He writes much, they write much.' (/N'mesaladiali./ `I made a good hunt.') 22. Unipersonal-abundance verb. -- This kind of verbs is formed from animate and inanimate substantives. No infinitive. (/Moz,/ `moose;') /mozika./ `There is plenty of moose.' (/Pakesso,/ `partridge;') /pakessoika./ `There is plenty of partridges.' (/Abazi,/ `tree;') /abazika./ `There are many trees.' (/Sata,/ `blue-berry;') /sataika./ `There is plenty of blueberries.' 23. Unipersonal verb. -- No infinitive. /Sogl“n, sogl“nji./ `It rains, it will rain.' /Ps“n, ps“nji./ `It snows, it will snow.' <202> 24. Substantive verb. -- /San“baimuk,/ `to be a man'; /S“gm“imuk,/ `to be a chief,' derived respectively from: /San“ba,/ `a man,' and /S“gm“,/ `a chief.' /N'san“bai, n'san“baibena, s“gm“ibena [sic];/ `I am a man, we are men; we are chiefs;' /'San“bao, s“gm“o, s“gm“oak./ `He is a man, he is a chief, they are chiefs.' (/N'namasowi, 'namasoo, namasooak./ `I am a fish, he is a fish, they are fish.') 25. Adjective verb. -- /W“bigimuk,/ `to be white,' derived from the adjective /w“bi,/ `white.' /N'w“bigi, w“bigo, (w“bigen)./ `I am white, he is white, (it is white);' /W“bigoak, (w“bigenol)./ `They are white, ( -- things).' /N'wiz“wigi, wiz“wigo, 'wiz“wigoak./ `I am yellow, he is yellow, they are yellow.' 26. Possessive verbs. -- /Wad“gemimuk,/ `to have snow shoes,' /wadolimuk,/ `to have a canoe,' derived from substantives, in the possessive case, /n'-d-“gem,/ `my snow shoe;' /n'dol,/ `my canoe:' /N'od“gemi, 'wd“gemo, wd“gemoak./ `I have snow shoes, he has snow shoes, they have snow shoes.' /N'odoli, 'wd“lo, 'wdoloak./ `I have a canoe, he has a canoe, they have a canoe or canoes.' NOTE -- These are not all the modifications which are to be observed in the Abenakis verb. <203> MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS ON NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. 1. REMARKS. -- Nouns being either {animate} or {inanimate}, it follows that there are also {animate} and {inanimate} adjectives and verbs, which are made to agree with the nouns accordingly; and these nouns have therefore their respective {plural} termination, which are: /ak/, /ik/, /ok/ and /k/, for the animate, and, /al/, /il/, /ol/, and /l/, for the inanimate. See page 12. 2. REMARK. -- Generally the diminutive nouns are formed by the addition of three different terminations, viz: /s/, /is/, and /sis/: (1) /Abazi/, `a tree'; /abazis/, `a young tree'; /sibo/, `a river', /sibos/, `a brook' ({or} `a narrow river'). (2) /Nebes/ or /nbes/, `a lake'; /nebesis/, `a small lake or pond'; /sibos/, `a brook'; /sibosis/, `a little brook'; /wios/, `some meat'; /wiosis/, `a small piece of meat'. (3) /Koa/, `pine-tree'; /koasis/, `a young pine-tree'; /abaznoda/, `a basket'; /abaznodasis/, `a little basket'; /s“gm“/, `a chief'; /s“gm“sis/, `a small or young chief'. Nouns ending in /“d/, /ad/, /at/, change their termination into /“sid/, /asid/, /asit/, respectively: /nottah“d/, `a butcher'; /nottah“sid/, `a small or young butcher'; /nojikkad/ `a carpenter'; /nojikkasid/ `a small or young carpenter'; /soghebat/; `an inn keeper'; /soghebasit/, `a small or young inn-keeper'. /Nodatebit/, `a cook', makes: /nodalebesit/[sic], `a small or young cook'; /notkuaag/, `a pilot'; /notkuaamosit/, `a small or young pilot'. There is also the {extreme} diminutive, which is generally expressed by the annexation of /imis/ or /simis/ to the noun; as, /nebesimis/, `a very small pond, a bog'; /abaznodasimis/, `a tiny little basket'. <204> 3. REMARK. -- The {present} of the {indicative} is often used for the {future}; as:-- /N'kwezoda kedak alemalokamuk/, `I will remove next week' (It ought to be: /n'kwezodaji.../) /N'm“jibena siguaga/, `we will go away ({leave}) next spring.' The {past} is also often expressed by the present; as /n'namih“ Salemen tagw“gua/, `I have seen Salomon last fall'; /n'nihl“bena moz siguana/, `we have killed a moose last spring.' (It ought to be: /n'kizi nhl“bena.../[sic]) 4. REMARK. -- {Should} and {would} are always expressed by /ba/ affixed to the verb, (see con[j]ugation); but when {should} is used for {ought}, then {should} is expressed by /achowiba/, the equivalent of {ought}, placed between the pronoun and the verb; as: /K'-d-achowiba majimiwi kdem“galm“nna kadem“ksessit,/ `we should always assist the poor.' The {potential} is expressed by /kiziba/, placed before the verb; as thus: /n'kiziba mezenemenana,/ `we might have it (get it)'; /k'kiziba “bankaw“,/ `you might pay him.' 5. REMARK. -- The interrogative conjugation has been omitted in this book, because any sentence, be it {affirmative} or {negative}, may become {interrogative}, if only you change the usual {affirmative} tune into an {interrogative}, or, in writing, end the sentence by the {interrogation} point ({?}); as in the following sentences: /K'-d-awigham awighigan,/ `you write a letter'; /K'-d-awigham awighigan?/ `do you write a letter?' /N'm“jibena Sandaga,/ `we will start Sunday;' /Nm“jibena Sandaga?/[sic] `shall we start Sunday?' /O'da k'-d-agakimziw,/ `you do not study;' /O'da k'-d-agakimziw?/ `don't you study?' <205> ETYMOLOGY OF INDIAN NAMES BY WHICH ARE DESIGNATED CERTAIN TRIBES, TOWNS. RIVERS, LAKES, ETC., ETC. Before commencing this treatise, it would perhaps be well to mention that all these names, either in Abenakis, Cree or other tribal languages, which now designate so many localities, mountains, rivers, etc., have been so much disfigured by the {Whites}, who not understanding these words, pronounced them in the best way they could and spelled them accordingly, but, in most cases, with such incorrectness that they have rendered many of them altogether incomprehensible, and thereby impossible to discover their true sigirification. ABENAKIS, (Abenakis), from: "/W“banaki/," `land or country of the East'. This name comes from: /w“ban/, `daybreak', and, /ki/, `earth, land', or rather, /aki/, which is a term employed in composition for, `land, ground, region'. /W“banaki/, Abenakis, means also: `an Indian from where the daylight comes'. The {plur.} makes: /w“banakiak/. <206> /ACHIGAN,/ probably from: /Manashigan,/ (Cree), or /M“nazigan,/ (Abenakis), a fish that the French people have named `achigan', and the English, `black bass.' /ALSIG“NTEGW,/ (Abenakis), is the name given to the River St-Francis, by the Indians of this tribe. It means: `river abounding in shells'; hence the modern name: /Alsig“ntegwiak,/ `the Indians of St-Francis'. /ALN“BAI Menahan,/ (Abenakis), `Indian Island,' is an island owned by the Abenakis, situated in the River St-Francis, two miles below the Indian village. The whites call that island: "Ile Ronde," `round island.' /AMONOOSUC,/ (Abenakis), from, /O'manosek,/ `the fishing ground,' or better, `the small or narrow fishing river.' Some pretend that it comes from: /pag“nozik/, `at the walnut-tree,' from /pag“nozi,/ `walnut-tree.' ANNAPOLIS River; /Tawapskak,/ `flowing out between rocks.' /AROOSTOOK,/ (Abenakis), from /Walastegw,/ `shallow river,' or perhaps, /Wlastegw,/ `good river.' /ASAWABIMOSWAN,/ (Cree), `where hunters watch for the elk.' /ATTAKAPAS,/ probably from: /Adag“bas,/ `rogue, roguish man.' This word is sometimes used in figurative sense, and then it means: `man-eater.' <207> /ATTIKAMIGUES,/ (Cree), for /attikamek,/ `white fish.' /ARTHABASKA,/ (Abenakis), from, /albataika,/ or rather, /albataska,/ `there are many putrid water places or swamps,' from: /albata/ or /albatas,/ `putrid water,' and /ka/ or /ika,/ an Abenakis {suffix} marking abundance. BATISCAN, (in Abenakis, /Padisk“n/) probably for, `Baptist's camp.' /Padoskan,/ signifies: `one makes a boat ({or} boats.)' /BASKANEGAN,/ (Abenakis), /Poskenigan,/ `coffin.' (/poskeniganiko/, `a grave yard'). It was likely a place where the Indians, in old times, used to bury their dead. Burial was performed by placing a hewed tomb upon a scaffold in which were placed the remains of the deceased, with all [h]is hunting accoutrements, ammun[i]tion and dried meat. BECANCOUR, /W“linaktegw,/ `the river which has long turns,' or rather `which causes delay by its windings.' BELOEIL MOUNTAIN, (St-Hilaire); /Wigw“madensis,/ (/sis/) a diminutive term: `Mountain resembling to (or in the form of) a {wigwam}.' Hence the local term: /Wigw“madesisek,/ which is the name given to the city of St-Hyacinthe by the Abenakis Indians. BLACK RIVER, /Mkazawi Sibo,/ (`black river'). <208> BLUE MOUNTAINS, Yar. Co., N. S., named in Abenakis /Wal“wadenik,/ (bl. mts.), are called in Micmac: /Cookwejook,/ `the spectres.' BEAR ISLAND, (Lake Winnipesaukee,) /Awasoswi Menahan./ CANADA, from, /Kanata,/ (Iroquois), `a collection of tents or huts.' /CANSO,/ (Micmac), /camsok,/ `opposite a high bluff.' /CASCUMPEK;/ /Caskamkek,/ (Micmac), `a bold steep sandy shore.' CAPE MISPEC: /Masbaak,/ (Abenakis); /Mespaak,/ (Micmac), `over-flowed.' /CHICOUTIMI,/ (Abenakis), /Saguitemik,/ `where it is deep by the act of the sea tide;' /Saguitema,/ `it is deep by the act of the tide.' /CHAWINIGAN,/ (Abenakis), /Azawinigan,/ `bold-steep (roof-like) portage.' Some pretend that it is derived from /Shƒwan/ or /Sƒwan/ (Cree) `south,' and, /onigan,/ `portage.' /COHASSET,/ probably for: /koasek,/ `the young pine-tree.' /Koa,/ means `pine-tree.' /Koas/ is the diminutive, and, /koasek,/ the local term. /COCOCACHE,/ (Abenakis), for, /kokokhas,/ `an owl'; the local term: /kokokhasek./ This is the name of a lake on the St Maurice River, about 150 miles above Three Rivers, which is so called on account of a little mountain, at the East-end of the lake, the form of which, especially the extreme top, resembles an owl. <209> /CONNECTICUT,/ (Abenakis), for: /Kwenitegw/ (or /Kwunitukw/), `long river.' The local term, is: /Kwenitegok./ /CAUGHNAWAGA,/ (Iroquois), for, /kahnawake,/ `at the falls,' from: /ka,/ `where,' /ohnawa,/ `current, swift current, falls, cascade,' and /ke,/ which marks: 1o the duality and plurality; 2o the presence of a preposition, w[hi]ch, in many instances, (in the Indian languages,) is represented by the termination. /COHOES,/ probably for: /koas,/ `young pine,' or perhaps /koasek,/ `at the young pine-tree.' /COOKSAKEE,/ (Abenakis), from, /skok/ or /skog,/ `snake,' and, /aki,/ or /ki,/ `land': `snake land.' /COATICOOK,/ (Abenakis), comes from the local term: /Koatteg'ok,/ `at the Pine River,' derived from: /Koa,/ `pine-tree,' /ttegw,/ `river,' (in composition only), and the suffix /ok/ which has the force of either of these prepositions: `at, to, of, from, on, in.' CHENAL-DU-MOINE is designated by the Abenakis Indians under the name of /Poltegw,/ which means: `Paul's River.' /CHAMOCHA/ `a clown; a masked man.' /DACOTAH,/ (Ind.), leagued; allied, the common name of the confederate Sioux tribes. (National Stand Dictionary, 537.) /DAHLONEGA,/ (Ind.), `place of gold.' (Nat Stand. Dictionary.) <210> /DAMARISCOTTA,/ (Ind.) `alewife place.' (N. Stand. Dictionary.) DEVIL'S ROCK; /Madah“ndoapskw,/ (Abenakis), /Mundoopscoochk,/ (Micmac), `devil's rock.' DURHAM, (L'Avenir,) is called by the Abenakis: /Kwanah“moik:/ `where the turn of the river makes a long point.' ESQUIMAUX, a tribe that the Abenakis name: /Askimo,/ plur. /askimoak,/ `eaters of raw flesh.' ERIE, said to be the name of a fierce tribe exterminated by the Iroquois. (National Stand. Dictionary.) /ESCOUMINS,/ (Cree), from /iskomin,/ from /isko/ `till there,' and /min,/ `berry,' that is, `there are berries till such a place' (Gramm. of the Otchipwe language, 298) /ETCHEMIN,/ (Ochipwe) from /iyekomin,/ from /iyeko,/ `sand,' and /min,/ `berry,' or `sand-berries,' so the Otchipw indians call raspberries. FORD ELLIS, /Mƒdawaak,/ (Micmac), /Paskategwak,/ (Abenakis), `where the river branches off' THE FALLS, /Cƒpskw,/ (Micmac), /Panjahl“k/ (Abenakis), `a cascade.' /P“ntegw/ means equally, `cascade, falls.' THE GRAND FALLS, /Kchi P“ntegw,/ (Abenakis), `grand falls'; local term: /Kchi P“ntegok,/ `at the great falls.' FRENCH RIVER, /Plachm“ni Sibo./ (Abenakis.) <211> FIVE ISLANDS, /Nank–l m–negool,/ (Miemac); /Nonnenagak,/ (Abenakis) `at the five islands;' (idiomatic: /n“nnenagol,/ `the five islands,' lit: /n“nnowigil menahanol/). FOX ISLAND, /W“kwsesi menahan,/ (Abenakis), In local term: /W“kwesi menahanok./[?] GATINEAU RIVER; /Mad“bajoak,/ (Abenakis), `the river which flows rapidly into another.' GRAND LAKE, N.B., /Kchi nebes,/ (Abenakis); /T–l–gadik,/ (Micmac), `camping ground.' GRAND MANAN; /manan/ is probably from, /manahan,/ (Abenakis), `island,' which, being connected with `grand,' makes: `grand island.' GRAND RIVER is, in Abenakis, /Kchi sibo,/ (lit. meaning.) GRINDSTONE BANK, /keedƒk–nuk,/ (Micmac), /kitad“ganapskw,/ (Abenakis), `whetstone rock.' /HAYTI,/ (Ind.) `high land,' (Nat. Stand. dictionary.) HERON ISLAND; (Abenakis), /Kaskoi menahan./ /HOUSATONIC,/ (Abenakis), for /awasadenik,/ `beyond the mountain; over the hill.' This is from: /awasi.../ `beyond,' /aden,/ `mountain or hill' (only in composition), and /ik,/ one of the Abenakis suffixes which gives the name in local term. ILLINOIS, from /ilini,/ (Algonquin), `man,' and the French addition /ois,/ for `tribe or people,' or rather from, /iliniwok,/ `men' or `band of men'. <212> IOWA, the French form of an Indian word, signifying `the drowsy' or `the sleepy ones'; a Sioux name of the Pahoja or `Gray snow tribe,' (Nat. Stand. Dictionary.) /IGLISM“NKI,/ (Abenakis), `England,' (lit; `Englishman's land.') /ILL“DAKKI,/ (Abenakis), `Ireland,' (lit:` Irishman's land.') /IGLISMON,/ (Abenakis), `Englishman; English people.' The English militia, /makwsawat,/ ({lit. signification}: `who wears a red uniform.') /KAANAWAGI,/ the name by which the Abenakis designate the Indian Reserve of the Iroquois tribe, known under the name of Caughnawaga. /KAANAWAGIHNONO,/ (Abenakis), the Iroquois tribe of Caughnawaga. /KAMOURASKA,/ probably from, /ska m“raskua/ (old Abenakis), /ska m“laskua,/ (modern expression), `there is some white birch bark' or perhaps for: `there are some white birch trees.' KANSAS, probably from: /Kanosas,/ which means, `willow.' /KATAHDIN,/ (Abenakis), for /Ktaden,/ `the big or high mountain.' KEARSARGE, probably from: /Kesarzet,/ (old Abenakis), `the proud or selfish.' <213> /KNBEC,/ (Abenakis), for, /Kinebek,/ or /Kinebak,/ `large lake,' or again, `deep river.' /KIWAKUAI SIBO,/ `Cannibal River,' a branch of the St-Maurice River. /Kiwakua,/ (Abenakis), `man-eater.' /KWAN“BAGNAOAK,/ or /Kwan“bagnagasik,/ (diminutive), is the name given by the Abenakis to a little island owned by them, on the river St-Francis, known under the name of "L'Ile-…-l'Ail." It means: `long narrow island.' KENOSHA, probably for: /Kwenoza,/ (Abenakis), `pike.' /KWENOSASEK,/ (Abenakis idiom), means: `at the pike river.' KENTUCKY, likely for, /Kwenataga,/ `it is long.' /KOATTEGOK,/ (Abenakis), local term of /koattegw,/ `pine river.' See /Coaticook./ /MAD“BALODENIK,/ an idiomatical expression by which the Abenakis designate the city of Three Rivers, after the former name of the River St Maurice, which was: /Lodenoi sibo./ It was so called, because in old times, when the hunting territories were all devided among the Indians, this river, from its mouth up to a certain distance, belonged to an indian named /Lodeno./ The expression /mad“balodenik,/ from: /mad“ba***ik,/ `which comes or flows in,' and the interposition of /loden,/ an abbreviation of /Lodeno,/ means: `the outlet or confluence of the {River Lodeno}.' <214> MACKINAW, probably from: /mikenakw,/ (Abenakis), `a tortoise'; also, a species of water-bug. MACCAN RIVER; /Mƒƒgan,/ (Micmac), `fishing place.' /MADAWASKA; /matawaska,/ (Otchipwe), /mad“baskika,/ (Abenakis), `the mouth of a river where there are grass and hay.' The local term is /mad“baskikak./ /MAKUAPSKASIK,/ (Abenakis), is the name of a short portage, on the St Francis River, above the Abenakis village, which means: `at the red rock.' /MAMPHREMAGOG,/ (Abenakis), for, /Mamlawbagak,/ signifies; `long and large sheet of water,' from: /mamlaw...,/ a prefix which denotes largeness or abundance, /baga,/ a particule denoting water, and, /k,/ which marks that the name is given in local term. /MASKIKOWOGAMAK/ (Abenakis), `the lake the banks of which are covered with grass or hay.' /MASKUAANAGASIK,/ (Abenakis), the diminutive of /maskuaanagak/: `the little birch trees island,' or simply, `the birch island.' This is the name of a little island on the River St Francis. MASSACHUSETTS, either from: /Massajosets,/ `the tribe of the great hill,' or, /Msajosek,/ `at the great hill or region of the great hills.' <215> /MANHATTAN,/ (Abenakis), from: /menahanitan,/ `an island formed by the current or the tide.' /MANITOLINE,/ for: /manito w-d-ain,/ `the spirit (manito) is there,' or, /manito l'Œle/, (half Indian and French), `the manito island.' /MANTAWA/ or /Matawin,/ (Abenakis), `junction of two rivers.' /MERRIMACK,/ from the old Abenakis, /Mor“demak,/ `deep river.' /MICHILIMACKINAC,/ (Abenakis), probably from: /msalmikenakw,/ `there is plenty of turtles.' /MILWAUKEE,/ (Abenakis), probably for: /milwai ki,/ `fertile or productive land.' /MEGANTIC,/ (Abenakis), for: /namak“ttik,/ or rather, /namagw“ttik,/ (old Abenakis), which means, `lake trout place.' /MISTASSINI,/ `the big stone.' /MATAPEDIAC/; (Abenakis), /mad“bajoak,/ `a river flowing roughly into another.' /MALPEQUE,/ (Micmac) /mƒkpƒƒk,/ said to mean, `big bay.' /MISSISSIPI,/ `great or grand river.' /MONADNOCK,/ according to the Abenakis orthography, /m“niadenok,/ or /m“nadenok,/ (elliptical), signifies: `at the silver mountain,' from: /m“ni,/ `silver,' /aden,/ `mountain,' and the termination /ok,/ which has the force of either of these prepositions: `at, to, of from, on,' <216> /MISSISQUOI,/ comes from: /Masipskoik,/ (Abenakis), `where there is flint.' MOOSEHEAD LAKE, is called in Abenakis: /Mozodupi Nebes,/ which is the literal meaning of the English name, /MANAWAN/ (Lake), `eggs gathering place.' In fact, that lake being the resort of gulls and loons, the hunters use to gather lots of eggs around the little islands. NASHUA is said to mean: `between (the rivers).' `Between' is expressed in Abenakis by: /nsawi,/ /nsawiwi/ or /nansawiwi./ /NIKATTEGW/ or /Nik“ntegw,/ (Abenakis), means: `first branch,' or again, `the outrunning stream or river.' This is the Indian name of a channal, at the lower end of the Abenakis Indian Reserve of St-Francis called by the French people "Chenal Tardif." NIAGARA, probably from, /Ohniara,/ (Iroquois), `the neck' (connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario). /NAMAGW“TTIK,/ (Abenakis), `place abounding in lake trout.' (See /Megantic/). /O'BAMAS,/ a term by which the Abenakis Indians designate the "RiviŠre du Loup" (en haut), means: `opposite course or winding.' This name has been given on account of the great winding which commences a little bellow Hunters town Mills. See plan of the St-Maurice Territory, published in 1857. <217> /O'BAMASIS,/ the diminutive of /O'bamas,/ is the name given by the Abenakis to the "River Yamachiche." /O'B“MKAIK/ is the name by which la "Pointe-du-Lac" is designated by the Abenakis. It means: `the White sandy point.' /O'NKOBAGAK,/ (Abenakis,) `lake lengthened or extended after a strait.' /ONEIDA,/ (Ind.), `people of the beacon stone' (National Stand. Dictionary). ONTARIO, from /Onontee,/ `a village on a mountain,' the chief seat of the Onondagas, (N.S. Dictionary). OSWEGO, the Onondaga name for Lake Ontario, (N.S. Dictionary). /OUIATCHOAN,/ (Crree), from, /wƒwiyƒtjiwan,/ or /wayawitjiwan,/ `currunt coming out.' OTTAWA, perhaps from, /otonwa,/ (Iroquois), `beaver's lodge, muskrat's lodge.' The Otchipwe grammar says, however, that it is an abbreviation of: /ottawakay,/ `his ear,' or, /otawask,/ and /watawask,/ `bull-rushes,' because along the river there are a great many of those bull-rushes, while A. L. Burt's N.S. Dictionary states that it means, `traders.' PASSUMPSIC, probably from: /pas“mkasik,/ (Abenakis), a diminutive term which means: `river which has a clear sandy bottom.' <218> /PAWCATUCK,/ (Abenakis), `shaking river,' or perhaps from, /p“gwkategw,/ `the shallow river.' PAWTUCKET, probably from, /pawtagit,/ (Abenakis), `who shakes himself, which shakes itself': a figurative sense applied sometimes to falls. PICHOUX, (Abenakis), /pezo,/ (Cree), /pisiw,/ `lynx.' /PITHIGAN,/ (Abenakis), `the entry, inlet, opening, of a river or lake.' /PITHIGANITEGW/ is the name by which the Abenakis designate the River Nicolet. /PEMIGEWASSET,/ (Abenakis), comes from: /Pamijowasik,/ diminutive of /pamijowak,/ which means, `the swift or rapid current;' /pamijowasik,/ `the narrow and shallow swift current.' /PISCATAQUA,/ (Ind.), `great deer river.' (Nat. Stand. Dictionary). /POTOMAC,/ (Ind.), `place of the burning pine, resembling a council-fire.' (N.S. Dictionary). PENOBSCOT, probably from: /pamapskak,/ (Abenakis), `the rocky place, among the rocks,' or perhaps from: /panapskak,/ `the steep rocky place.' QUEBEC, from the old Abenakis, /Kebhek/ or /Kebek,/ means: `obstructed current; where it is narrow or shut.' QUINEBAUG, (Abenakis), for, /Kwanbaak,/ `long pond.' <219> RIMOUSKI, (old Abenakis), /Aremoski,/ (modern), /Atemoski,/ means, `dog's land,' from: /aremos/ or /alemos,/ `dog,' and, /ki,/ `land or country.' SAGASWANTEGW, half Algonquin and Abenakis /sagaswa,/ (Alg.), `he is smoking,' and, /tegw,/ (Ab.), `river,' given in figurative sense, for: `still river,' that is, `river where one has ample time to smoke.' /SARANAC/ (Ind.) is said to mean: `river that flows under rock.' /SARATOGA,/ (ind.), `place of the miraculous water in a rock.' (Nat. Stand. Dictionary). The Abenakis Indians designate this place by /nebizonbik,/ a local term, Which means: `at the mineral spring,' or rather, `at the physical water.' /SASKATCHEWAN,/ (Cree), /saskijoan,/ (Abenakis): `rapid current.' SCHOODIC, probably from the old Abenakis, /skudek,/ `at the fire, or, burnt lands,' (from large fires about 1675). SEBAGO, probably from, /sobagoo,/ (Abenakis), `it us sea, or, it resembles a sea.' SENECA, (Abenakis), /senika,/ means; `there are many rocks, it is rocky,' from: /sen,/ `rock, stone,' and /ika,/ an addition which marks abundance. (/M“ni,/ `money'; /m“niika,/ `there is plenty of money.') /SISIKWAI MENAHAN,/ (Abenakis), `rattlesnake island.' <220> /SISIQUOI,/ perhaps for, /sisikwa,/ `rattlesnake.' /SKOWHEGAN/ (Abenakis), from /skuahigen,/ or /skwahigen,/ `it is pointed,' SACO, is believed to come from /sok8ai,/ (old Abenakis) which means: `from the South side; Southern.' Hence the name /sok8aki,/ (modern, /sokoki/), `Southern country; Southern people,' or better, `Indians from the South,' SAGUENAY RIVER is called by the Micmacs /Ktadoos“k,/ `flowing between two high steep cliffs.' ST JOHN, N.B., (Micmac), /MŠnawgŠs/ `where they collect the dead seals.' SUNCOOK (Abenakis), from /senikok,/ `at the rocks.' /TENNESSEE,/ (Ind.), `river of the Big Bend' (N. S. Dictionary.) /TADOUSSAC,/ (Cree), from, /totosak/ plural of /t“t“s,/ `woman's breast pap.' (Otchip. gramm.) /TEMISCOUATA,/ `it is deep every where,' from, /timiw,/ `it is deep in the water,' and, /iskwatƒm/ `without end' (Otchip. gramm.) /UMBAGOG,/ (Ind.) `clear lake, shallow.' (N. S. Dictionary.) /WACHUSETT,/ (Abenakis) from, /wajos,/ a mountain (of middling height), and the {prepositive} termination /ek,/ which represents the preposition /at/: `at the mountain.' <221> /WABISHTONIS,/ (Och.), from /wabistƒnis,/ diminutive of /wabistƒn,/ `a marten.' /WASHITA,/ (Western Indian language), said to mean: `a buck, a male deer.' /WASSABAASTEGW,/ (Abenakis) `white river; clear water stream.' /WDAM“GANASPSKOK/ (Abenakis), a name by which is designated a rapid on the River St-Francis, which means: `at the pipe rock.' /WDUPSEK,/ (Abeunakis), an expression signifying: `a scalping spot, at the crown.' /WIGW“M,/ /wigwƒm,/ `a house, a lodge.' /WINNIPEG,/ `unpure or turbid water, salt water.' /WINNEPESAUKEE/ or /Winnipisiogee/ (Abenakis), comes from: /Wiwininebesaki,/ `lake in the vicinity of which there are other lakes and ponds, or perhaps better, lake region,' from: /wiwni,/ abbreviation of /wiwniwi,/ `around, in the vicinity,' /nebes,/ `lake, pond,' and, /aki,/ `land, rigion, territory.' /WINOOSKI,/ (Abenakis), from /winos,/ `onion,' and, /ki;/ `land': /Winoski,/ `onion land.' /WAW“BADENIK,/ (Abenakis), `White Mountains, N.H.' The `Mount Washington' is called in Abenakis /K“daakwajo,/ `the hidden mountain,' so called because in cloudy weather the top of that mountain, owing to its great elavation, is, in fact, always hididen by the clouds. <222> /WISCASSUT,/ is said to mean, `at the yellow pines:' /WASHITA,/ (Western Indian language), said to mean, `a buck, a male deer.' /WASSABAASTEGW,/ (Abenakis) `white river, clear water stream.' /WABASKOUTIYUNK/ (Lake) is said to mean in Montagnais: `where there is some whitish grass or hay.' <223> SIGNIFICATION OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. January; /Alamikos;/ `New-year's greeting month.' February; /Pia“dagos;/ `Boughs-shedding month.' March; /Mozokas;/ `Moose-hunting month.' April; /Sogalikas;/ `Sugar-making month.' May; /Kikas;/ `Planting month.' June; /Nokkahigas;/ `Hoeing month.' July; /Temaskikos;/ `Hay-making month.' August; /Temez“was;/ `Harvesting month.' September; /Skamonkas;/ `Indian corn-reaping month.' October; /Penibagos;/ `Leaf falling month.' November; /Mzatanos;/ `Ice-forming month.' December; /Pebonkas;/ `Winter month.' <225> CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE 5 The Alphabet 7 The Vowel 7 The Diphthongs 7 Syllables in progressive scale 8 Words and Syllables 9 Key to the pronunciation 10 Sound of vowels 11 Sound of diphthongs 12 PART FIRST Of God's attributes 13 Of the Heavens 14 The elements and things relating to them 15 Meteors, ships, &c. 16 The seasons 18 The months 18 The days of the week 19 Division of time 19 Mankind, kindred, &c. 20 Functions, habits, &c. 23 <226> PAGE Sickness and disease 24 Parts of the body 24 Wearing apparel 26 Of the table, meals and dishes 28 Beverages 30 Fruits and fruit-trees 31 Forest-trees, flowers, &c. 31 Mechanical arts &c. 33 Of the sea 34 Domestic animals, wild quadrupeds, birds, furs, and skins 35 Fishes, reptiles and insects 39 Of the country and the objects met with there... 40 Money and coins 41 Weights and measures 42 Corn and vegetables 42 Farming implements, carriages, harness, etc. 43 Colours, painting, &c. 44 The Cardinal points, &c. 46 Hunting and fishing outfit, etc. 47 Ecclesiastical and secular dignities 49 Games, recreations, etc. 49 Names of cities, villages, rivers, countries, nations, etc. 51 Names of persons which differ with both, the English and French orthography 54 Holidays and festivals 56 Substantives having no singular 57 The personal pronouns 58 The possessive pronouns 59 <227> PART SECOND. PAGE Elements of the Abenakis conversation 61 Use of the verb /waj“n“muk, waj“n“zik,/ `to have,' in the {affirmative} form 62 Vocabulary of nouns 63 Use of the verb /waj“n“muk, waj“n“zik,/ `to have,' in the {negative} form 64 Adjectives -- simple and invariable 65 The above Adjectives prolonged by syllables representing the verb {to be}, and joined to nouns and verbs &c. 66 Adjectives -- contracted and variable 67 Simple and contracted Adjectives joined to nouns &c. 69 Phrases in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative form 70 Cardinal numbers 73 Distributive numbers 76 Multiplying numbers 79 Multiplying distributive numbers 80 Ordinal numbers marking the order anad succession of {animate} objects and {personified} things 82 Ordinal numbers marking the order and succession of {things} only 83 Ordinal numbers marking the order and succession of chapters, verses, sections of laws, &c. 84 Fractional numbers 81 Multiple numbers 85 Vocabulary of Adverbs 86 Prepositions 88 Conjunctions 89 Interjections 90 <228> FAMILIAR PHRASES TO FACILITATE CONVERSATION PAGE 1. For questioning, affirming, denying, &c. 91 2. To inquire after health 98 3. Of the age 99 4. On the hour 101 5. On the weather 101 6. On the time of the night 107 7. On arriving at the hotel 108 8. To embark in a ship 109 9. On the point of leaving 111 10. On board the Steamboat 112 11. On traveling by water in the Indian country. 113 12. Usual conversation between two indians when they meet together in their hunting ground. 116 Examples showing the transposition of words allowed in the Abenakis language 118 The affixes /ji/ and /ba/ transposed 119 PART THIRD The {parts of speech} that may be conjugated 121 Conjugation of the {animate} substantive /n'mit“gwes,/ `my father' 121 Conjugation of the {animate} substantive /kaoz/ `a cow' 123 Conjugation of the {animate} substantive /alemos, `a dog' 125 Conjugation of the {inanimate} substantive /paskhigan,/ `a gun' 127 Conjugation of the possessive verb /o'kaozemimuk,/ `to have a cow' 128 <229> PAGE Conjugation of the adjective-verb, /w“bigimuk,/ `to be white' 130 Negative conjugation of the possessive verb, /okaozemimuk/ `to have a cow' 133 Indefinite conjugation of the {animate} objective verb, /waj“n“muk,/ `to have' 136 Finite conjugation of the {animate} objective verb, /waj“n“muk,/ `to have' 139 Indefinite conjugation of the {inanimate} objective verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have' 141 Finite conjugation of the {inanimate} objective verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have' 145 Negative conjugation of the {indefinite} verb, /waj“n“muk,/ `to have' 146 Negative conjugation of the {finite} verb, /waj“n“muk,/ `to have' 149 Negative conjugation of the {indefinite} verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have' 151 Negative conjugation of the {finite} verb, /waj“n“zik,/ `to have' 154 Dubitative conjugation of the {animate} verb 156 Dubitative conjugation of the {inanimate} verb 158 Dubitative-negative conjugation of the verb `to have' 161 Conjugation of the verb /aimuk,/ `to be' 162 Indefinite conjugation of the animate objective verb /nanih“muk,/ `to see' 165 Finite conjugation of the animate objective verb /namih“muk,/ `to see' 168 Indefinite conjugation of the {inanimate} objective verb /namit“zik,/ `to see' 172 <230> PAGE Finite conjugation of the {inanimate} objective verb /namit“zik/ `to see' 175 The passive verb /kazalmegwzimuk,/ `to be loved' 177 The relative verb /kazalm“muk,/ (`I...thee,' &c.) 179 The relative verb /kazalm“muk,/ (`Thou...me,' &c.) 180 List of verbs most frequently met with in the Abenakis language 182 Synoptical illustrations showing the numerous modifications of the Abenakis verb 195 Miscellaneous remarks on Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs 203 Etymology of Indian names of certain localities, rivers, lakes, etc., etc 205 Signification of the names of the months 223 <231> ERRATA Page 22. line 33, instead of {sister} husband, read {sister's} husband. Page 25, line 13, -- /Wkeskouan,/ -- /Wbeskuan./ Page 27, line 22, -- /Miz“wim“niin“kwkil,/ -- /Wiz“wim“niin“kwkil./ Page 30, line 27, -- /Plachm“ni makwbabak,/ -- /Plachm“ni makwbagak./ Page 33, line 25, -- /Nobatebit,/ -- /Nodatebit./ Page 46, line 22, 23, -- /Sobh“ban, Kirz“ban,/ -- /S“kh“ban, Kiz“ban./ Page 47, line 19, -- /Papkwesbal“g paskigan,/ -- /Papkweskal“g paskhigan./ Page 51, line 23, -- RiviŠre du Loup (EN BAS), -- Riv. du Loup (EN HAUT). Page 52, line 1, 2, -- /Kubek, Kubeki,/ -- /Kuibek, Kuibeki./ Page 62, line 21, -- /K'waj“neb“b Sasahl“gil,/ -- /K'waj“nemeb“b Sasahl“gil./ Page 67, line 5, 6, -- /Tkwguin“gwat, Tkwguin“gzo,/ -- /Tkwiguin“gwat, Tkwiguin“gzo./ Page 74, line 10, -- /T“ban“z Kas“nbaw,/ -- /T“baw“z Kas“nkaw./ Page 83, line 2. -- /Akw“bauit,/ -- /Akw“babit./ Page 83, line 5, -- /Wazwawi,/ -- /Wazwaiwi./ Page 92, line 25, -- /Nichenis,/ -- /Nichemis./ Page 94, line 24, -- /T“ni alosaak,/ -- /T“ni alosaakw?/ Page 95, line 3, -- /N'm“gi wigiak,/ -- /N'm“ji wigiak./ Page 123, line 11, -- (Present, Plural) -- /K'kaozemn“k,/ -- /K'kaozemw“k;/ line 16, (Past, Plural), -- /N'kaozemgak,/ -- /K'kaozemnogak,/ `the cows we had.' Page 133, (Past Definite), -- /O'da n'okamiibozemiib,/ -- /O'da n'okaozemiib./ Page 145 (Imperfect), -- /W'waj“nemab, W'waj“nemen“,/ -- /W'waj“nemenab, W'waj“nemen“b./ Page 196, line 1, -- Transitive verb, -- Intransitive verb. Page 203, (1. Remark), line 2, -- there also, -- there are also, Page 230, line 1, 5, -- /N“zikfinite; Kozalm“muk,/ -- inanimate; /Kazalm“muk./